In loop quantum gravity theory, a Planck star is a hypothetical astronomical object, theorized as a compact, exotic star, that exists within a black hole's event horizon, created when the energy density of a collapsing star reaches the Planck energy density. Under these conditions, assuming gravity and spacetime are quantized, a repulsive "force" arises from Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. The accumulation of mass–energy inside the Planck star cannot collapse beyond this limit because it violates the uncertainty principle for spacetime itself.[1]
The key feature of this theoretical object is that this repulsion arises from the energy density, not the Planck length, and starts taking effect far earlier than might be expected. This repulsive "force" is strong enough to stop the star's collapse well before a singularity is formed and, indeed, well before the Planck scale for distance. Since a Planck star is calculated to be considerably larger than the Planck scale, there is adequate room for all the information captured inside a black hole to be encoded in the star, thus avoiding information loss.[1]
While it might be expected that such a repulsion would act very quickly to reverse the collapse of a star, it turns out that the relativistic effects of the extreme gravity of such an object slow down time for the Planck star to a similarly extreme degree. Seen from outside the star's Schwarzschild radius, the rebound from a Planck star takes approximately fourteen billion years, such that even primordial black holes are only now starting to rebound from an outside perspective. Furthermore, the emission of Hawking radiation can be calculated to correspond to the timescale of gravitational effects on time,[clarification needed] such that the event horizon that "forms" a black hole evaporates as the rebound proceeds.[1]
Carlo Rovelli and Francesca Vidotto, who first proposed the existence of Planck stars, theorized in 2014 that Planck stars form inside black holes[2] as a solution to the black hole firewall and the black hole information paradox. Confirmation of emissions from rebounding black holes could provide evidence for loop quantum gravity. Recent work demonstrates that Planck stars may exist inside black holes as part of a cycle between black and white holes.[clarification needed][3]
A somewhat analogous object theorized under string theory is the fuzzball, which similarly eliminates the singularity within a black hole and accounts for a way to preserve the quantum information that falls into a black hole's event horizon.
^ abc"New Type of Star Emerges From Inside Black Holes". Physics arXiv Blog. 5 February 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^Rovelli, Carlo; Vidotto, Francesca (2014). "Planck stars". International Journal of Modern Physics D. 23 (12): 1442026. arXiv:1401.6562. Bibcode:2014IJMPD..2342026R. doi:10.1142/S0218271814420267. S2CID 118917980.
^Carlo Rovelli (10 December 2018). "Viewpoint: Black Hole Evolution Traced Out with Loop Quantum Gravity". Physics. 11. arXiv:1901.04732. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
loop quantum gravity theory, a Planckstar is a hypothetical astronomical object, theorized as a compact, exotic star, that exists within a black hole's...
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gravity, a Planckstar is a hypothetically possible astronomical object that is created when the energy density of a collapsing star reaches the Planck energy...
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density reaches the Planck energy density, causing a repulsive force that creates a star. Furthermore, the existence of such a star would resolve the black...
substructures. Examples of astronomical objects include planetary systems, star clusters, nebulae, and galaxies, while asteroids, moons, planets, and stars...
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occurs at this point. For example loop quantum gravity predicts that a Planckstar would form. Regardless, it is argued that gravitational collapse ceases...
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positive work." Planck wrote: "The production of heat by friction is irreversible." Not mentioning entropy, this principle of Planck is stated in physical...
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black hole models Black star Dark star Dark-energy star Gravastar Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object Planckstar Q star Fuzzball Geon Analogs Optical...
electromagnetic black-body radiation. The radiation is emitted according to Planck's law, meaning that it has a spectrum that is determined by the temperature...
black hole models Black star Dark star Dark-energy star Gravastar Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object Planckstar Q star Fuzzball Geon Analogs Optical...
black hole models Black star Dark star Dark-energy star Gravastar Magnetospheric eternally collapsing object Planckstar Q star Fuzzball Geon Analogs Optical...
for the star does not conflict with the age of the universe, determined by the Planck satellite as 13.799 ± 0.021). The more massive the star, the shorter...
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Carlo; Speziale, Simone (1 April 2015). "On the Effective Metric of a PlanckStar". General Relativity and Gravitation. 47 (4): 41. arXiv:1412.6015. Bibcode:2015GReGr...