Cover of Ping Shan Leng Yan, from the Hanan collection, Harvard-Yenching Library, Harvard University.Pages from chapter nine of the novel
Ping Shan Leng Yan (Chinese: 平山冷燕; pinyin: Píng Shān Lěng Yān; Wade–Giles: P'ing Shan Leng Yen), also translated into English as Flat Mountain and Cold Swallow and Cold Swallows in the Peaceful Hill,[note 1] is a classic caizi jiaren novel written in early Qing dynasty China. The earliest extant edition of the novel is a printed edition dating from 1658, now preserved in the Dalian Library. The title of the book is derived from the surnames of the two couples featured in the book. The novel is sometimes attributed to Di An Shanren (Chinese: 荻岸山人),[3] but the authorship is uncertain. It has also been attributed to Tianhua Zang Zhuren (天花藏主人), a pseudonym meaning "Master of the Heavenly Flower Sutra".[4]Yu jiao li and Ping Shan Leng Yan were both written by the same Tianhua Zang Zhuren according to a style analysis by caizi jiaren scholar Qing Ping Wang.[5] Classical Chinese scholar and Yale professor Chloë Starr lists Ping Shan Leng Yan along with Yu jiao li and Haoqiu zhuan as one of the three best-known examples of the caizi jiaren genre.[6]
^Huang, Martin W. (2020). Desire and Fictional Narrative in Late Imperial China. Brill. p. 37.
^Ming Qing Yanjiu. Italy: Dipartimento di Studi Asiatici, Istituto Universitario Orientale. 1999. p. 83.
^Jin Feng (2013). Romancing the Internet: Producing and Consuming Chinese Web Romance. Konklijke Brill NV. p. 143. ISBN 9789004259720. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
^Li Mengjun (2009). Master of Heavenly Flowers Scripture: Constructing Tianhua zang zhuren's Three Personae as Publisher, Commentator, and Writer of Scholar-beauty Fiction(PDF) (MA thesis). Ohio State University. pp. ii. Retrieved 1 January 2014 – via OhioLINK.
^Qing Ping Wang (1996). "Dating and Authorship of Chinese Fiction: On Stylistic Method". Conference paper, annual meeting of the Association for Asian Studies.
^Starr, Chloë F. (2007). Red-Light Novels of the Late Qing. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill NV. p. 40. ISBN 978-90-04-15629-6. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
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