Periodic optical nanostructure that affects the motion of photons
The opal in this bracelet contains a natural periodic microstructure responsible for its iridescent color. It is essentially a natural photonic crystal.Wings of some butterflies contain photonic crystals.[1][2]
A photonic crystal is an optical nanostructure in which the refractive index changes periodically. This affects the propagation of light in the same way that the structure of natural crystals gives rise to X-ray diffraction and that the atomic lattices (crystal structure) of semiconductors affect their conductivity of electrons. Photonic crystals occur in nature in the form of structural coloration and animal reflectors, and, as artificially produced, promise to be useful in a range of applications.
Photonic crystals can be fabricated for one, two, or three dimensions. One-dimensional photonic crystals can be made of thin film layers deposited on each other. Two-dimensional ones can be made by photolithography, or by drilling holes in a suitable substrate. Fabrication methods for three-dimensional ones include drilling under different angles, stacking multiple 2-D layers on top of each other, direct laser writing, or, for example, instigating self-assembly of spheres in a matrix and dissolving the spheres.
Photonic crystals can, in principle, find uses wherever light must be manipulated. For example, dielectric mirrors are one-dimensional photonic crystals which can produce ultra-high reflectivity mirrors at a specified wavelength. Two-dimensional photonic crystals called photonic-crystal fibers are used for fiber-optic communication, among other applications. Three-dimensional crystals may one day be used in optical computers, and could lead to more efficient photovoltaic cells.[3]
Although the energy of light (and all electromagnetic radiation) is quantized in units called photons, the analysis of photonic crystals requires only classical physics. "Photonic" in the name is a reference to photonics, a modern designation for the study of light (optics) and optical engineering. Indeed, the first research into what we now call photonic crystals may have been as early as 1887 when the English physicist Lord Rayleigh experimented with periodic multi-layer dielectric stacks, showing they can effect a photonic band-gap in one dimension. Research interest grew with work in 1987 by Eli Yablonovitch and Sajeev John on periodic optical structures with more than one dimension—now called photonic crystals.
^Proietti Zaccaria, Remo (2016). "Butterfly wing color: A photonic crystal demonstration". Optics and Lasers in Engineering. 76: 70–3. Bibcode:2016OptLE..76...70P. doi:10.1016/j.optlaseng.2015.04.008.
A photoniccrystal is an optical nanostructure in which the refractive index changes periodically. This affects the propagation of light in the same way...
Photonics is a branch of optics that involves the application of generation, detection, and manipulation of light in form of photons through emission...
rp-photonics.com. Archived from the original on June 25, 2023. Retrieved July 22, 2023. Wu, X.; et al. (October 25, 2004). "Ultraviolet photoniccrystal...
Photoniccrystal sensors use photoniccrystals: nanostructures composed of periodic arrangements of dielectric materials that interact with light depending...
Nonlinear photoniccrystals are usually used as quasi-phase-matching materials. They can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional or three-dimensional. Broadly...
modifications) in body fluids from patients affected by cancer or other diseases. Photonic biosensors with ultra-sensitivity are nowadays being developed at a research...
Liquid crystal lasers use a liquid crystal in the lasing medium as a distributed feedback mechanism instead of external mirrors. Emission at a photonic bandgap...
total internal reflection. The first photoniccrystal fibers became commercially available in 2000. Photoniccrystal fibers can carry higher power than...
techniques. Different photonic structures have different LDOS behaviors with different consequences for spontaneous emission. In photoniccrystals, near-zero LDOS...
a colloidal crystal depend on composition, particle size, packing arrangement, and degree of regularity. Applications include photonics, materials processing...
is created by a range of photonic mechanisms, including diffraction gratings, selective mirrors, photoniccrystals, crystal fibres, matrices of nanochannels...
Electromagnetic radiation Optics SI units Free space Metamaterial PhotoniccrystalPhotoniccrystal fiber With ISO 31-5, NIST and the BIPM have adopted the notation...
of a 1D photoniccrystal. It has a complete TE band gap, but only a pseudo TM band gap. Bio-inspired Bragg Reflectors are 1D photoniccrystals inspired...
popular among the photoniccrystal community as a method of solving for the band structure (dispersion relation) of specific photoniccrystal geometries. PWE...
This is the basis of the optical band gap in a photoniccrystal. The notion that opals are photoniccrystals for visible light was expressed in 1995 by Vasily...
The subwavelength periodicity distinguishes photonic metamaterials from photonic band gap or photoniccrystal structures. The cells are on a scale that...
(May 2001). PhotonicCrystals and Light Localization in the 21st Century (Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on PhotonicCrystals and Light...
waveguides. Optofluidic Photonic-crystal fibers (PCFs) are traditional PFCs modified with microfluidic techniques. Photonic-crystal fibers are a type of...
In condensed matter physics, a time crystal is a quantum system of particles whose lowest-energy state is one in which the particles are in repetitive...
waveguide gratings. Photoniccrystals are non-conducting materials that reflect various wavelengths of light almost perfectly. Such a crystal can be referred...
Smith–Purcell effect. In a more complex periodic medium, such as a photoniccrystal, one can also obtain a variety of other anomalous Cherenkov effects...
transistors, polaritons facilitate effective interactions between photons photoniccrystal cavities with an active Raman gain medium cavity switch modulates cavity...
high-Q microcavities are micropillar cavities, microtoroid resonators, photonic-crystal cavities. In the second type of resonators, the characteristic size...
conventional silica fibre. A solution appeared with the invention of Photonic-crystal fibers (PCF) in 1996 by Knight et al. The properties of PCFs are discussed...
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