State of matter with properties of both conventional liquids and crystals
Schlieren texture of liquid crystal nematic phase
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Liquid crystal (LC) is a state of matter whose properties are between those of conventional liquids and those of solid crystals. For example, a liquid crystal can flow like a liquid, but its molecules may be oriented in a common direction as in solid. There are many types of LC phases, which can be distinguished by their optical properties (such as textures). The contrasting textures arise due to molecules within one area of material ("domain") being oriented in the same direction but different areas having different orientations. An LC material may not always be in an LC state of matter (just as water may be ice or water vapor).
Liquid crystals can be divided into three main types: thermotropic, lyotropic, and metallotropic. Thermotropic and lyotropic liquid crystals consist mostly of organic molecules, although a few minerals are also known. Thermotropic LCs exhibit a phase transition into the LC phase as temperature changes. Lyotropic LCs exhibit phase transitions as a function of both temperature and concentration of molecules in a solvent (typically water). Metallotropic LCs are composed of both organic and inorganic molecules; their LC transition additionally depends on the inorganic-organic composition ratio.
Examples of LCs exist both in the natural world and in technological applications. Lyotropic LCs abound in living systems; many proteins and cell membranes are LCs, as well as the tobacco mosaic virus. LCs in the mineral world include solutions of soap and various related detergents, and some clays. Widespread liquid-crystal displays (LCD) use liquid crystals.
Liquidcrystal (LC) is a state of matter whose properties are between those of conventional liquids and those of solid crystals. For example, a liquid...
A thin-film-transistor liquid-crystal display (TFT LCD) is a type of liquid-crystal display that uses thin-film-transistor technology to improve image...
observable in everyday life: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Many intermediate states are known to exist, such as liquidcrystal, and some states only exist under...
Lyotropic liquidcrystals result when amphiphiles, which are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic, dissolve into a solution that behaves both like a liquid and...
Liquidcrystal on silicon (LCoS or LCOS) is a miniaturized reflective active-matrix liquid-crystal display or "microdisplay" using a liquidcrystal layer...
cholesteric liquid-crystal display (ChLCD) is a display containing a liquidcrystal with a helical structure and which is therefore chiral. Cholesteric liquid crystals...
ferroelectric crystals is still not well understood. In 1974 R.B. Meyer used symmetry arguments to predict ferroelectric liquidcrystals, and the prediction...
video. Liquidcrystal displays (LCD), OLED (organic light emitting diode) and microLED displays are not quite the same; since LCD uses a liquidcrystal that...
A liquidcrystal thermometer, temperature strip or plastic strip thermometer is a type of thermometer that contains heat-sensitive (thermochromic) liquid...
solid and liquid phases on the temperature scale: true crystal → plastic crystal → true liquid true crystal → liquidcrystal → true liquid The difference...
solid, liquid and gas. Complex molecules can also form various mesophases such as liquidcrystals, which are intermediate between the liquid and solid...
unimportant. Soft materials include liquids, colloids, polymers, foams, gels, granular materials, liquidcrystals, flesh, and a number of biomaterials...
Ferroelectric LiquidCrystal Display (FLCD) is a display technology based on the ferroelectric properties of chiral smectic liquidcrystals as proposed...
former Glenn H. Brown LiquidCrystal Institute (LCI) at Kent State University is now renamed the Advanced Materials and LiquidCrystal Institute. The AMLCI...
A liquid-crystal-display television (LCD TV) is a television set that uses a liquid-crystal display to produce images. It is by far the most widely produced...
of chromism. The two common approaches are based on liquidcrystals and leuco dyes. Liquidcrystals are used in precision applications, as their responses...
three states of matter. For example, liquidcrystals (used in liquid-crystal displays) possess both solid-like and liquid-like properties, and belong to their...
below). Not all solids are crystals. For example, when liquid water starts freezing, the phase change begins with small ice crystals that grow until they fuse...
direction in the crystal. The refractive index of the extraordinary ray varies depending on its direction. The mobile axis of a liquidcrystal is called a...
nematic effect is based on the precisely controlled realignment of liquidcrystal molecules between different ordered molecular configurations under the...
A liquidcrystal tunable filter (LCTF) is an optical filter that uses electronically controlled liquidcrystal (LC) elements to transmit a selectable wavelength...
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