Phosphogypsum stack located near Kėdainiai, Lithuania 55°14′47″N24°01′44″E / 55.24639°N 24.02889°E / 55.24639; 24.02889.
Phosphogypsum (PG) is the calcium sulfate hydrate formed as a by-product of the production of fertilizer, particularly phosphoric acid, from phosphate rock. It is mainly composed of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). Although gypsum is a widely used material in the construction industry, phosphogypsum is usually not used, but is stored indefinitely because of its weak radioactivity caused by the presence of naturally occurring uranium (U) and thorium (Th), and their daughter isotopes radium (Ra), radon (Rn) and polonium (Po). On the other hand, it includes several valuable components—calcium sulphates and elements such as silicon, iron, titanium, magnesium, aluminum, and manganese.[1] However, the long-range storage of phosphogypsum is controversial.[2] About five tons of phosphogypsum are generated per ton of phosphoric acid production. Annually, the estimated generation of phosphogypsum worldwide is 100 to 280 million metric tons.[3]
A 2015 astronaut photo of the Medina of Sfax with part of the port and the distinctive circular earth works of the 420 ha Taparura redevelopment project of which 260 ha have been reclaimed from the sea by depositing phosphogypsum.[4]
^Chernysh, Yelizaveta; Yakhnenko, Olena; Chubur, Viktoriia; Roubík, Hynek (2021). "Phosphogypsum Recycling: A Review of Environmental Issues, Current Trends, and Prospects". Applied Sciences. 11 (4): 1575. doi:10.3390/app11041575.
^Ayres, R. U., Holmberg, J., Andersson, B., "Materials and the Global environment: Waste Mining in the 21st Century", MRS Bull. 2001, 26, 477. doi:10.1557/mrs2001.119
^Tayibi, Hanan; Choura, Mohamed; López, Félix A.; Alguacil, Francisco J.; López-Delgado, Aurora (2009). "Environmental Impact and Management of Phosphogypsum". Journal of Environmental Management. 90 (8): 2377–2386. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.03.007. hdl:10261/45241. PMID 19406560. S2CID 24111765.
^Stéphanie Wenger, « Tunisie : comment Sfax veut récupérer « sa » mer », La Tribune, 29 juillet 2013
Phosphogypsum (PG) is the calcium sulfate hydrate formed as a by-product of the production of fertilizer, particularly phosphoric acid, from phosphate...
phosphate rock with acid, producing calcium sulfate waste known as phosphogypsum (PG). This form of gypsum is contaminated by impurities found in the...
useless, radioactive solid called phosphogypsum. Estimates range from 100,000,000 and 280,000,000 tons of phosphogypsum waste produced annually worldwide...
large phosphogypsum stacks and settling ponds, often hundreds of acres in size, and up to 200 feet (60.96 m) tall. Because this phosphogypsum is slightly...
200 ha are indirectly occupied by the Chemical Pole. These are the phosphogypsum ponds, which are located some 700 meters from the Pérez Cubillas neighborhood...
to acid mine drainage. Between 100 million and 280 million tons of phosphogypsum waste are estimated to be produced annually as a consequence of the...
sulfuric acid and calcium sulfate precipitates. The product, called phosphogypsum is often contaminated with impurities making its use uneconomic. In...
to a reservoir storing wastewater from phosphate tailings within a phosphogypsum stack generated by the plant's operations began to fail, prompting evacuations...
manufacturing load-bearing panels and other building products using phosphogypsum. "The Fertilizers and Chemicals Travancore Limited (FACT) | Government...
into aluminium metal. When sulfuric acid is used, the product contains phosphogypsum (CaSO4·2H2O) and is called single superphosphate. Calcium dihydrogen...
useless, radioactive solid called phosphogypsum. Somewhere between 100,000,000 and 280,000,000 tons of phosphogypsum waste is estimated to be produced...
the presence of phosphogypsum, gypsum formed as a by-product of processing phosphate ore into fertilizer with sulfuric acid. Phosphogypsum is radioactive...
five tons of phosphogypsum waste are generated per ton of phosphoric acid production. Annually, the estimated generation of phosphogypsum worldwide is...
Calcium sulfate (gypsum, CaSO4) is a by-product, which is removed as phosphogypsum. The hydrogen fluoride (HF) gas is streamed into a wet (water) scrubber...
§ 262.11); treatment, storage or disposal of hazardous waste in the phosphogypsum (gypsum) stack without a permit or interim status (42 U.S.C. § 6925(a)...
capacity Environmental impact of irrigation Index of soil-related articles Phosphogypsum Residual sodium carbonate index Soil pH Soil salinity control Degani...
producing gypsum waste (known in the context of phosphate production as phosphogypsum). The calcium nitrate mentioned before, can as said be worked up as...
a decorative or waterproofing plastering applied to building walls Phosphogypsum Plasterwork Polished plaster Ready-mix lightweight joint compound Roughcast...
2016 caused a loss of millions of gallons mineralized water containing phosphogypsum and phosphoric acid, by-products of the production of fertilizer from...
Halotolerance Index of soil-related articles Phosphate rich organic manure Phosphogypsum Red mud Residual Sodium Carbonate Index Sajji Khar Soda lake Soil fertility...
building materials, for example lightweight concrete with alum shale, phosphogypsum and Italian tuff, may emanate radon if they contain radium and are porous...
than 19 million tons (with a design capacity of 10.84 million tons) phosphogypsum from the production activity of Irgiz OJSC in Balakovo has been accumulated...
2019). "Comparative study of K2SO4 production by wet conversion from phosphogypsum and synthetic gypsum". Journal of Materials Research and Technology...
has to be removed because phosphate is mostly used for fertilizers. Phosphogypsum is a waste product from phosphate mining that can contain significant...
collected from five of Syria's largest cities, and 470,000 tonnes of phosphogypsum were also produced. In 2000, 3,000 tonnes of medical hazardous waste...
Drira, Zaher; Guermazi, Wassim (2012). "Impacts of an uncontrolled phosphogypsum dumpsite on summer distribution of phytoplankton, copepods and ciliates...
contamination of the local environment from the radioactive byproduct called phosphogypsum. In 2021, one of the dams breached at Piney Point phosphate plant into...
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