Phormium tenax (called flax in New Zealand English; harakeke in Māori; New Zealand flax[1][2] outside New Zealand; and New Zealand hemp[1] in historical nautical contexts) is an evergreen perennial plant native to New Zealand and Norfolk Island that is an important fibre plant and a popular ornamental plant.[3] The plant grows as a clump of long, straplike leaves, up to two metres long, from which arises a much taller flowering shoot, with dramatic yellow or red flowers.[3]
The fibre has been widely used since the arrival of Māori to New Zealand, originally in Māori traditional textiles and also in rope and sail making[4][2] after the arrival of Europeans until at least WWII. It is an invasive species in some of the Pacific Islands and in Australia.[5]
The blades of the plant contain cucurbitacins, which are poisonous to some animals, and some of them are among the bitterest tastes to humans.[6]
^ ab"Phormium tenax". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
^ abChitham, Karl (2019). Crafting Aotearoa : a cultural history of making in New Zealand and the wider Moana Oceania. Kolokesa Uafā Māhina-Tuai, Damian Skinner, Rigel Sorzano. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-9941362-7-5. OCLC 1118996645.
^ abRoger Holmes and Lance Walheim. 2005. California Home Landscaping, Creative Homeowner Press ISBN 978-1-58011-254-3
^"Our Flax for the Navy | NZETC".
^"Phormium tenax (PIER species info)". Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER). 9 January 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2012.
^Kupchan, S.Morris; Meshulam, Haim; Sneden, Albert T. (1978). "New cucurbitacins from Phormium tenax and Marah oreganus". Phytochemistry. 17 (4): 767–769. Bibcode:1978PChem..17..767K. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94223-7.
Phormiumtenax (called flax in New Zealand English; harakeke in Māori; New Zealand flax outside New Zealand; and New Zealand hemp in historical nautical...
Reinhold Forster and his son Georg Forster in 1775 from specimens of Phormiumtenax collected by both Forsters and the Swedish naturalist Anders Erikson...
followed by twisted seed pods. It is less common than the other Phormium species, P. tenax or harakeke. Mountain flax is also called whararipi, whatariki...
Tenax may refer to: The trademark name of Poly(2,6-diphenylphenylene oxide), a chemical compound Phormiumtenax, a species of flowering plant A brand...
Zealand flax describes the common New Zealand perennial plants Phormiumtenax and Phormium colensoi, known by the Māori names harakeke and wharariki respectively...
examples are the fiber of many grasses, Agave sisalana (sisal), Yucca or Phormiumtenax, Musa textilis and others. Their cell walls contain, besides cellulose...
Hemerocallis are cultivated as well. Hemerocallis citrina has medicinal uses. Phormiumtenax is a traditional source of fiber in New Zealand.[citation needed] Some...
andreana): 12 3-Epi-isocucurbitacin D, from species of Physocarpus: 14 and Phormiumtenax 22-Deoxocucurbitacin D from Hemsleya endecaphylla, 14 mg/72 g: 6 23...
amounts of tapa cloth, so early Māori adopted the use of harakeke (Phormiumtenax, or New Zealand flax) instead. By the 1770s, the primary use of tapa...
of secateurs, and could clip the fibrous leaves of New Zealand flax (Phormiumtenax) and twigs up to at least 8 mm in diameter. Moa filled the ecological...
had learnt to cover the outside of the palisades with layers of flax (Phormiumtenax) leaves, making them effectively bulletproof as the velocity of musket...
had learnt to cover the outside of the palisades with layers of flax (Phormiumtenax) leaves, making them effectively bulletproof as the velocity of musket...
0812-7387.27.2001.1348. Retrieved 11 June 2012. Coyne, Peter (2009). "Phormiumtenax (New Zealand Flax) — Norfolk Island native?" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 11...
cannons. A strong, wooden palisade was fronted with woven flax leaves (Phormiumtenax) whose tough, stringy foliage absorbed much of the force of the ammunition...
the flowers of at least four species of plant: Metrosideros excelsa, Phormiumtenax, Myoporum laetum and in one case Hebe bollonsii, although the structure...
gracilis) Pūkeko (Porphyrio porphyrio) Raupo (Typha orientalis), flax (Phormiumtenax), and bamboo spike-sedge (Eleocharis sphacelata) are the principal plant...
also a problem plant in Northumberland. New Zealand flax or harekeke (Phormiumtenax) is an invasive species in St Helena, some Pacific islands and in Australia...
blazon is: Crest Issuant out of a Mural Crown Or a representation of the Phormiumtenax flowered proper. Escutcheon Argent, upon waves of the sea a two-masted...
site at Erebus Cove and covers neighbouring Ewing Island. Harakeke Phormiumtenax is found at Erebus Cove, Sealer's Creek, Ranui Cove and Tandy Inlet...
were cultivated such as karaka (Corynocarpus laevigatus) and harakeke (Phormiumtenax). This snail feeds at night on fallen leaves on the forest floor. A...
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