Philosophical anarchism is an anarchist school of thought which focuses on intellectual criticism of authority, especially political power, and the legitimacy of governments.[1][2][3] The American anarchist and socialist Benjamin Tucker coined the term philosophical anarchism to distinguish peaceful evolutionary anarchism from revolutionary variants.[4] Although philosophical anarchism does not necessarily imply any action or desire for the elimination of authority, philosophical anarchists do not believe that they have an obligation or duty to obey any authority or conversely that the state or any individual has a right to command. Philosophical anarchism is a component especially of individualist anarchism.[5]
The scholar Michael Freeden identifies four broad types of individualist anarchism. He says the first is the type associated with William Godwin that advocates self-government with a "progressive rationalism that included benevolence to others". The second type is egoism, which is most associated with Max Stirner. The third type is "found in Herbert Spencer's early predictions" and in that of some of his disciples such as Wordsworth Donisthorpe, who foresee in this sense "the redundancy of the state in the source of social evolution". The fourth type retains a moderated form of egoism and accounts for social cooperation through the advocacy of the market,[6] having such followers as the American individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker[7] and the green anarchist Henry David Thoreau.[8]
^Wayne Gabardi, review Archived 2017-06-11 at the Wayback Machine of Anarchism by David Miller, published in American Political Science Review Vol. 80, No. 1. (Mar. 1986), pp. 300–302.
^Rex Martin (April 1974). "Wolff's Defence of Philosophical Anarchism". The Philosophical Quarterly. 24 (95): 140–149. doi:10.2307/2217718. JSTOR 2217718. Archived from the original on 2023-08-05. Retrieved 2021-01-04.
^Simmons, A. John (16 February 2009). "Philosophical Anarchism". Search eLibrary. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1344425. SSRN 1344425. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 4 January 2021.
^Antliff, Allan. 2001. Anarchist Modernism: Art, Politics, and the First American Avant-Garde. University of Chicago Press. p. 4.
^Outhwaite, William & Tourain, Alain (Eds.). (2003). "Anarchism." The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought (2nd Edition, p. 12). Blackwell Publishing.
^Freeden, Michael. Ideologies and Political Theory: A Conceptual Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-829414-X. pp. 313–314.
^Tucker, Benjamin R., Instead of a Book, by a Man too Busy to Write One: A Fragmentary Exposition of Philosophical Anarchism (1897, New York).
^Broderick, John C. "Thoreau's Proposals for Legislation." American Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Autumn, 1955). p. 285.
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The PhilosophicalAnarchism of William Godwin is a 1977 book by John P. Clark on the philosophy of the moral philosopher and political theorist William...
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ideological systems. Philosophicalanarchism – according to The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought, philosophicalanarchism "is a component especially...
fictional and non-fictional books written about anarchism. This list includes books that advocate for anarchism as well as those that criticize or oppose it...
Anarchism in the United States began in the mid-19th century and started to grow in influence as it entered the American labor movements, growing an anarcho-communist...
Wei-Jin period. Taoism and neo-Taoism had principles more akin to a philosophicalanarchism—an attempt to delegitimise the state and question its morality—and...
In Defense of Anarchism is a 1970 book by the philosopher Robert Paul Wolff, in which the author defends philosophicalanarchism. He argues that individual...
consider it part of individualist anarchism and others regard it to be part of social anarchism. There are many philosophical differences among anarchists...
realism, libertarianism, veganism, the repugnant conclusion, and philosophicalanarchism. Huemer graduated from the University of California, Berkeley and...
Anarchism in the United Kingdom initially developed within the religious dissent movement that began after the Protestant Reformation. Anarchism was first...
anarchists have provided religious interpretations and approaches to anarchism, including the idea that the glorification of the state is a form of sinful...
Cossacks, who inhabited the region up until the 18th century. Philosophicalanarchism first emerged from the radical movement during the Ukrainian national...
Views range from political authority and having no legitimacy (philosophicalanarchism) to political authority being virtually unlimited in scope (totalitarianism)...
Egoist anarchism or anarcho-egoism, often shortened as simply egoism, is a school of anarchist thought that originated in the philosophy of Max Stirner...
Individualist anarchism in the United States was strongly influenced by Benjamin Tucker, Josiah Warren, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Lysander Spooner, Pierre-Joseph...
philosophy of anarchism; they claim that an effort to put a stop to what they consider "voluntary hierarchy" is inconsistent with the philosophical tradition...
anarchism as "consistent Manchesterism" and stated that "the Anarchists are simply unterrified Jeffersonian Democrats." Tucker looked upon anarchism as...
interpretation of philosophicalanarchism and argues against the legitimacy of political authority, while the second addresses political anarchism and the practical...
considered by William Godwin to be the first literary expression of philosophicalanarchism. Most historians believe Vindication was intended as satire, but...
Rexroth, whose concepts of philosophicalanarchism influenced his political development. He self-identified as a philosophical anarchist, regularly associated...
the Bukanin type, I do not contribute even to the peaceful and philosophicalanarchism of a Kuropatkin [sic.] or a Tolstoy. And as to my revolutionary...
National-anarchists claim to syncretize neotribal ethnic nationalism with philosophicalanarchism, mainly in their support for a stateless society whilst rejecting...
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