In linguistics, especially within generative grammar, phi features (denoted with the Greek letter φ 'phi') are the morphological expression of a semantic process in which a word or morpheme varies with the form of another word or phrase in the same sentence.[1] This variation can include person, number, gender, and case, as encoded in pronominal agreement with nouns and pronouns (the latter are said to consist only of phi-features, containing no lexical head). Several other features are included in the set of phi-features, such as the categorical features ±N (nominal) and ±V (verbal), which can be used to describe lexical categories and case features.[2]
Phi-features are often thought of as the "silent" features that exist on lexical heads (or, according to some theories,[3] within the syntactic structure) that are understood for number, gender, person or reflexivity. Due to their silent nature, phi-features are often only understood if someone is a native speaker of a language, or if the translation includes a gloss of all these features. Many languages exhibit a pro-drop phenomenon which means that they rely on other lexical categories to determine the phi-features of the lexical heads.
^Preminger, Omer (26 August 2013). "Agreement". Linguistics. doi:10.1093/OBO/9780199772810-0118. ISBN 978-0-19-977281-0. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
^The syntax of number, person, and gender: a theory of phi-features, Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1993, p.2"
^Martina, Wiltschko (6 August 2014). The universal structure of categories : towards a formal typology. Cambridge. ISBN 9781316004159. OCLC 885337994.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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