Structure of phage ΦX174 capsidSchematic drawing of a Sinsheimervirus (aka Phix174microvirus) virion
The phi X 174 (or ΦX174) bacteriophage is a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus that infects Escherichia coli. This virus was isolated in 1935 by Nicolas Bulgakov [1] in Félix d'Hérelle's laboratory at the Pasteur Institute, from samples collected in Paris sewers. Its characterization and the study of its replication mechanism were carried out from the 1950s onwards. It was the first DNA-based genome to be sequenced. This work was completed by Fred Sanger and his team in 1977.[2] In 1962, Walter Fiers and Robert Sinsheimer had already demonstrated the physical, covalently closed circularity of ΦX174 DNA.[3] Nobel prize winner Arthur Kornberg used ΦX174 as a model to first prove that DNA synthesized in a test tube by purified enzymes could produce all the features of a natural virus, ushering in the age of synthetic biology.[4][5] In 1972–1974, Jerard Hurwitz, Sue Wickner, and Reed Wickner with collaborators identified the genes required to produce the enzymes to catalyze conversion of the single stranded form of the virus to the double stranded replicative form.[6] In 2003, it was reported by Craig Venter's group that the genome of ΦX174 was the first to be completely assembled in vitro from synthesized oligonucleotides.[7] The ΦX174 virus particle has also been successfully assembled in vitro.[8] In 2012, it was shown how its highly overlapping genome can be fully decompressed and still remain functional.[9]
^Lacković, Zdravko; Toljan, Karlo (20 December 2020). "Vladimir Sertić: forgotten pioneer of virology and bacteriophage therapy". Notes and Records: the Royal Society Journal of the History of Science. 74 (4): 567–578. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2019.0010. ISSN 0035-9149. PMC 7653334. PMID 33177747.
^Sanger F, Air GM, Barrell BG, Brown NL, Coulson AR, Fiddes CA, et al. (February 1977). "Nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage phi X174 DNA". Nature. 265 (5596): 687–95. Bibcode:1977Natur.265..687S. doi:10.1038/265687a0. PMID 870828. S2CID 4206886.
^Fiers W, Sinsheimer RL (October 1962). "The structure of the DNA of bacteriophage phi-X174. III. Ultracentrifugal evidence for a ring structure". Journal of Molecular Biology. 5 (4): 424–34. doi:10.1016/S0022-2836(62)80031-X. PMID 13945085.
^National Library of Medicine Profiles in Science. The Arthur Kornberg Papers. "Creating Life in the Test Tube," 1959-1970. link[non-primary source needed]
^Goulian M, Kornberg A, Sinsheimer RL (December 1967). "Enzymatic synthesis of DNA, XXIV. Synthesis of infectious phage phi-X174 DNA". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 58 (6): 2321–8. Bibcode:1967PNAS...58.2321G. doi:10.1073/pnas.58.6.2321. JSTOR 58720. PMC 223838. PMID 4873588.
^Wickner S, Hurwitz J (October 1974). "Conversion of phiX174 viral DNA to double-stranded form by purified Escherichia coli proteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 71 (10): 4120–4. doi:10.1073/pnas.71.10.4120. PMC 434340. PMID 4610569.
^Smith HO, Hutchison CA, Pfannkoch C, Venter JC (December 2003). "Generating a synthetic genome by whole genome assembly: phiX174 bacteriophage from synthetic oligonucleotides". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (26): 15440–5. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10015440S. doi:10.1073/pnas.2237126100. JSTOR 3149024. PMC 307586. PMID 14657399.
^Cherwa JE, Organtini LJ, Ashley RE, Hafenstein SL, Fane BA (September 2011). "In VITRO ASSEMBLY of the øX174 procapsid from external scaffolding protein oligomers and early pentameric assembly intermediates". Journal of Molecular Biology. 412 (3): 387–96. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.07.070. PMID 21840317.
^Jaschke PR, Lieberman EK, Rodriguez J, Sierra A, Endy D (December 2012). "A fully decompressed synthetic bacteriophage øX174 genome assembled and archived in yeast". Virology. 434 (2): 278–84. doi:10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.020. PMID 23079106.
The phiX174 (or ΦX174) bacteriophage is a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) virus that infects Escherichia coli. This virus was isolated in 1935 by Nicolas...
re-creation of viruses from sequence alone — either harmless, such as PhiX174, or dangerous such as the 1917 influenza virus or SARS-CoV-2. The evolution...
Sanger and his team of scientists created a library of the bacteriophage, phiX174, for use in DNA sequencing. The importance of this success contributed...
was used to generate the first synthetic genome in history, that of the PhiX174 virus. The gibson assembly method, designed by Daniel Gibson during his...
bacteriophage phiX174 codes for a nonessential protein" J Virol 33(1) 557-560 Bläsi U, Young R, Lubitz W (1988) Evaluation of the interaction of phi X174 gene...
complete genome is sequenced - a tiny bacterium-infecting virus called PhiX174, with just 11 genes, and a little over 5000 base pairs. Carl Woese and...
methods to sequence DNA using RNA, as well as studying the bacteriophage PhiX174. During her postdoctoral work at Yale, Blackburn was doing research on...
was used to generate the first synthetic genome in history, that of the PhiX174 virus. The Gibson assembly method, designed by Daniel Gibson during his...
spanning two years. In 2003, the 5386 bp genome of the bacteriophage PhiX174 was assembled in about two weeks. In 2006, the same team, at the J. Craig...
Phages (infecting prokaryotes): Escherichia virus Lambda (Phage lambda) PhiX174, the first DNA genome ever to be sequenced (circular, 5386 base pairs...
^{2}\theta \,{\dot {\phi }}\,{\boldsymbol {dr}}\wedge {\boldsymbol {d\phi }}} . The angular momentum component along z {\displaystyle z} is L x y {\displaystyle...
x = cos ( n x t + ϕ x ) , y = cos ( n y t + ϕ y ) , z = cos ( n z t + ϕ z ) , {\displaystyle x=\cos(n_{x}t+\phi _{x}),\qquad y=\cos(n_{y}t+\phi...
parametrization x = r cos ( p ϕ ) y = r sin ( p ϕ ) z = − sin ( q ϕ ) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=r\cos(p\phi )\\y&=r\sin(p\phi )\\z&=-\sin(q\phi )\end{aligned}}}...
( x + δ x ) − E ϕ ( x ) ‖ 2 ≤ ‖ ∇ x E ϕ ( x ) ‖ F ‖ δ x ‖ 2 {\displaystyle \|E_{\phi }(x+\delta x)-E_{\phi }(x)\|_{2}\leq \|\nabla _{x}E_{\phi }(x)\|_{F}\|\delta...
{\hat {\phi }}_{k}\approx {\hat {\phi }}_{k-1}} then that indicates that the current set of data for the covariates x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } do not...
the x-axis, specify a point a → = ( sin θ cos ϕ , sin θ sin ϕ , cos θ ) = ( u , v , w ) {\displaystyle {\vec {a}}=(\sin \theta \cos \phi ,\;\sin...
function ϕ ( x 1 , … x n ) = 0 {\displaystyle \phi (x_{1},\ldots x_{n})=0} if R ( x 1 , … x n ) {\displaystyle R(x_{1},\ldots x_{n})} and ϕ ( x 1 , … x n ) =...
X. ISSN 0246-0203. Latała, Rafał (1996). "A note on the Ehrhard inequality". Studia Mathematica. 2 (118): 169–174. doi:10.4064/sm-118-2-169-174. ISSN 0039-3223...
\mathrm {d} \tau +\phi (x(t_{1}))} with V ( t 1 , x ( t 1 ) ) = ϕ ( x ( t 1 ) ) {\displaystyle V(t_{1},x(t_{1}))=\phi (x(t_{1}))} , where ϕ ( x ( t 1 ) ) {\displaystyle...
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