Confirmed (dark blue) and possible (light blue) range of the pelagic stingray
Synonyms
Dasyatis atratus Ishiyama & Okada, 1955
Dasyatis guileri Last, 1979
Trygon purpurea Müller & Henle, 1841
Trygon violacea Bonaparte, 1832
The pelagic stingray (Pteroplatytrygon violacea) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, and the sole member of its genus. It is characterized by the wedge-like shape of its pectoral fin disc, which is much wider than long, as well as by the pointed teeth in both sexes, whip-like tail with extremely long tail spine, and uniform violet to blue-green coloration. It generally reaches 59 cm (23 in) in width. The pelagic stingray has a worldwide distribution in waters warmer than 19 °C (66 °F), and migrates seasonally to spend the summer closer to the continental shelf and at higher latitudes. The only stingray that almost exclusively inhabits the open ocean, this species is typically found in surface waters down to a depth of 100 m (330 ft). As a consequence of its midwater habits, its swimming style has evolved to feature more of a flapping motion of the pectoral fins, as opposed to the disc margin undulations used by other, bottom-dwelling stingrays.
The diet of the pelagic stingray consists of free-swimming invertebrates and bony fishes. It is an active hunter, using its pectoral fins to trap and move food to its mouth, and has been known to take advantage of seasonal feeding opportunities such as spawning squid. Like other stingrays, it is aplacental viviparous, meaning that the embryos are sustained initially by yolk and later by histotroph ("uterine milk"). With a short gestation period of 2–4 months, females may bear two litters of 4–13 pups per year. Birthing generally occurs in warm water near the equator, with the exception of the Mediterranean, with the timing varying between regions. Rarely encountered except by fishery workers, the pelagic stingray can inflict a severe, even fatal wound with its tail spine. This species is caught as bycatch throughout its range; it is of little economic value and usually discarded, often with high mortality. However, there is evidence that its numbers are increasing, perhaps owing to the heavy fishing of its natural predators and competitors (e.g., sharks). Along with the pelagic stingray's global distribution and prolific life history, this has led the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to assess it as of Least Concern.
^Kyne, P.M.; Barreto, R.; Carlson, J.; Fernando, D.; Francis, M.P.; Fordham, S.; Jabado, R.W.; Liu, K.M.; Marshall, A.; Pacoureau, N.; Romanov, E.; Sherley, R.B.; Winker, H. (2019). "Pteroplatytrygon violacea". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T161731A896169. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T161731A896169.en. Retrieved 20 November 2021.
The pelagicstingray (Pteroplatytrygon violacea) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, and the sole member of its genus. It is characterized...
zone in the water column), but some, such as the pelagicstingray and the eagle rays, are pelagic. Stingray species are progressively becoming threatened...
whiptail stingrays (Dasyatidae) and the eagle rays (Myliobatidae), and can thus be considered a transitional form in the origin of pelagic rays. Dasyomyliobatidae...
The common stingray was reported to be the most basal member of the genus, other than the bluespotted stingray (D. kuhlii) and pelagicstingray (D. violacea)...
Pelagic fish live in the pelagic zone of ocean or lake waters—being neither close to the bottom nor near the shore—in contrast with demersal fish that...
of the Osaka Aquarium, it has succeeded in breeding Spotted Seal, Pelagicstingray, California Sealion, Sea otter, etc., and received the breeding award...
Carnevale, G. (2023). "The evolutionary origin of the durophagous pelagicstingray ecomorph". Palaeontology. 66 (4). e12669. Bibcode:2023Palgy..6612669M...
Ezcurra, J. M.; O'Sullivan, J. B. (2002). "Captive biology of the pelagicstingray, Dasyatis violacea (Bonaparte, 1832)" (PDF). Marine and Freshwater...
in mid-water suggest that the smalleye stingray may in fact be semi-pelagic in nature. The smalleye stingray has a distinctive shape among its family:...
Y Y Pearl cichlid Geophagus brasiliensis Y Y Pelagic porcupinefish Diodon eydouxii Y Y Pelagicstingray Pteroplatytrygon violacea Y Y Peppermint goby...
Asterotrygon is an extinct genus of stingray from the Eocene Green River Formation in Wyoming. Several complete skeletons representing juveniles, adults...
The oceanic whitetip shark (Carcharhinus longimanus) is a large pelagic requiem shark inhabiting tropical and warm temperate seas. It has a stocky body...
like the PelagicStingray are more maneuverable because they are able to reverse the wave along their fins and even swim backwards. In a pelagic environment...
marmorata LC Family Dasyatidae (whiptail stingrays) Common stingray, Dasyatis pastinaca EN Pelagicstingray, Pteroplatytrygon violacea NE Family Myliobatidae...
Aetomylaeus. A 2016 paper placed Aetobatus in its own family, the Aetobatidae. Stingray injury List of prehistoric cartilaginous fish genera Froese, R.; D., Pauly...
the Sea of Japan suggests that this species may have pelagic habits as well. The pitted stingray has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disc wider than long...
less than half a wave on the fin, similar to a bird wing flapping. Pelagicstingrays, such as the manta, cownose, eagle and bat rays use oscillatory locomotion...
the bull ray, duckbill ray, or duckbill eagle ray, is a species of large stingray of the family Myliobatidae found around the coasts of Europe and Africa...
Carnevale, G. (2023). "The evolutionary origin of the durophagous pelagicstingray ecomorph". Palaeontology. 66 (4). e12669. Bibcode:2023Palgy..6612669M...
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