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Batoids are a superorder of cartilaginous fish consisting of skates, rays and other fish all characterized by dorsoventrally flattened bodies and large pectoral fins fused to the head. This distinctive morphology has resulted in several unique forms of locomotion. Most Batoids exhibit median paired fin swimming, utilizing their enlarged pectoral fins. Batoids that exhibit median paired fin swimming fall somewhere along a spectrum of swimming modes from mobuliform to rajiform based on the number of waves present on their fin at once. Of the four orders of Batoidae this holds truest for the Myliobatiformes (rays) and the Rajiformes (skates). The two other orders: Rhinopristiformes and Torpediniformes exhibit a greater degree of body caudal fin swimming.[1][2]
^Schaefer, Justin T. (2005). "Batoid Wing Skeletal Structure: Novel Morphologies, Mechanical Implications, and Phylogenetic Patterns". Journal of Morphology. 264 (3): 298–313. doi:10.1002/jmor.10331. PMID 15838841. S2CID 17133102.
^Rosenberger, J.L. (2001). "Pectoral fin locomotion in batoid fishes: undulation versus oscillation". Journal of Experimental Biology. 204 (2): 379–392. doi:10.1242/jeb.204.2.379. PMID 11136623.
several unique forms of locomotion. Most Batoids exhibit median paired fin swimming, utilizing their enlarged pectoral fins. Batoids that exhibit median paired...
cartilage. Most batoids have five ventral slot-like body openings called gill slits that lead from the gills, but the Hexatrygonidae have six. Batoid gill slits...
Bedore CN, Harris LL, Kajiura SM (April 2014). "Behavioral responses of batoid elasmobranchs to prey-simulating electric fields are correlated to peripheral...
Web. Retrieved 2016-03-14. Rosenberger, Lisa (2001). "Pectoral fin locomotion in Batoid fishes: Undulation verses oscillation" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental...
musculature of benthic batoids. Journal of Morphology 271: 1219-1228 Rosenberger, L. J. 2001. Pectoral fin locomotion in batoid fishes: undulation versus...
"Comparative punting kinematics and pelvic fin musculature of benthic batoids". Journal of Morphology. 271 (10): 1219–1228. doi:10.1002/jmor.10865. ISSN 1097-4687...
debated. A 2004 study found sawsharks to actually be the most basal of batoids rather than true sharks, with the order Sclerorhynchiformes containing...
2017-08-11. Retrieved 2010-04-08. Rosenberger, L.J. (2001). "Pectoral fin locomotion in batoid fishes: undulation versus oscillation" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental...
1007/s00227-003-1014-y. S2CID 12785003. Rosenberger, L. (2001). "Pectoral fin locomotion in batoid fishes: Undulation versus oscillation" (PDF). The Journal of Experimental...
current molecular studies support monophyly of both groups of sharks and batoids. The clade Selachimorpha is divided into the superorders Galea (or Galeomorphii)...
included genera are Mosasaurus, Liodon, Onchosaurus (later recognised as a batoid fish), Oplosaurus (later recognised as a sauropod dinosaur), Macrosaurus...
Cretaceous) of north-eastern Spain: an Ibero-Armorican origin for a Gondwanan batoid". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology. 17 (10): 865–879. doi:10.1080/14772019...
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