Global InformationPatrice de MacMahon information
The 1st Duke of Magenta | |
|---|---|
 The duc de Magenta, c. 1890 | |
| 3rd President of France | |
| In office 24 May 1873 – 30 January 1879 | |
| Prime Minister | Albert de Broglie Ernest Courtot de Cissey Louis Buffet Jules Armand Dufaure Jules Simon Gaëtan de Rochebouët |
| Preceded by | Adolphe Thiers |
| Succeeded by | Jules Grévy |
| Governor-General of Algeria | |
| In office 1 September 1864 – 27 July 1870 | |
| Monarch | Napoleon III |
| Preceded by | Édmond de Martimprey |
| Succeeded by | Louis Durrieu |
| Member of the Senate | |
| In office 24 June 1864 – 4 September 1870 | |
| Nominated by | Napoleon III |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 13 June 1808 Sully, Saône-et-Loire, France |
| Died | 17 October 1893 (aged 85) Montcresson, Loiret, France |
| Political party | Miscellaneous right (Legitimist) |
| Spouse |
Élisabeth de La Croix de Castries
(m. 1854) |
| Children | Marie Armand Patrice de Mac Mahon (1855–1927) Eugene de Mac Mahon (1857–1907) Emmanuel de Mac Mahon (1859–1930) Marie de Mac Mahon (1863–1954) Countess de Pinnes |
| Relatives | MacMahon family |
| Education | Special Military School of Saint-Cyr |
| Profession | Military officer |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Bourbon Restoration July Monarchy Second French Empire |
| Branch/service | French Army |
| Years of service | 1827–1873 |
| Rank | Captain Commandant Lieutenant colonel General Marshal of France |
| Unit |  French Foreign LegionLt. colonel 2nd Foreign Legion Regiment 2ème R.E.L.E/2e RE (1843–1845) Commander I Army Corps Army of the Rhin (1870) Commander-in-Chief Army of Châlons (1870) |
| Battles/wars | Conquest of Algeria (1827–1857)
Crimean War (1853–1856)
Franco-Austrian War (1859)
Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871)
|
Marie Edme Patrice Maurice de MacMahon, marquis de MacMahon,[1] duc de Magenta (French pronunciation: [patʁis də makma.ɔ̃]; 13 June 1808 – 17 October 1893), was a French general and politician, with the distinction of Marshal of France. He served as Chief of State of France from 1873 to 1875 and as President of France from 1875 to 1879.
MacMahon led the main French army in the war against the Germans in 1870. He was trapped and wounded at the Battle of Sedan in September 1870, in part because of his confused and indecisive strategic planning. The army, including MacMahon and Emperor Napoleon III, surrendered to the Germans. Thus France lost the war and the Emperor went into exile. After convalescing, MacMahon was appointed head of the Versailles army, which suppressed the Paris Commune revolt in May 1871 and set the stage for his political career.
According to David Bell, after Thiers' resignation in May 1873, the royalist majority in the National Assembly drafted MacMahon as the new leader, with the hope that he would hold the fort until the Bourbon pretender was ready to restore the throne. However, the Count of Chambord's extreme Legitimist stance made restoration politically impossible. MacMahon refused to support efforts to force the Assembly's hand. In the absence of his full support there was no way to achieve monarchy by extra-parliamentary means. The right had no choice but to keep MacMahon in office to gain time and act as a barrier to the left by repressing radical agitation and pursuing policies to restore "moral order" to the country. In November 1873, he was voted a term of office of seven years. However, the divisions among the royalists left MacMahon in a political predicament for which he was not prepared, trying to keep the Republicans at bay without defined powers or a clear source of legitimacy, without a clear majority in parliament or the country, and without the use of force. In 1874, due to demands for Bonapartism, MacMahon called for constitutional reform. To ensure calm this led to a system of a President and Senate elected indirectly. In 1876, MacMahon had to accept governments by moderate Republicans. However, in 1877, MacMahon dismissed Simon and recalled the Duke de Broglie. The new government was dissolved on a no confidence vote. Conservatives hoped to exploit their influential press, heavy patronage, and martial law to coerce the voters. They failed in the general election of October 1877, as the Republicans won the majority despite the challenges on the right. In January 1879, the Republicans forced MacMahon's resignation. He died in 1893, with Republicans viewing him as a danger to the Republic and diehard monarchists considering him a bungler who mishandled their dream of restoration.[2]
MacMahon was a devout conservative Catholic, and a traditionalist who despised socialism and strongly distrusted the mostly secular Republicans. He kept to his duty as the neutral guardian of the Constitution and rejected suggestions of a monarchist coup d'état, but refused to meet with Gambetta, the leader of the Republicans. He moved for a parliamentary system in which the assembly selected the ruling government of the Third Republic, but he also insisted on an upper chamber. He later dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, resulting in public outrage and a Republican electoral victory. Soon after MacMahon resigned and retired to private life.
- ^ Gabriel de Broglie (2000). Mac Mahon. Perrin. p. 17.
- ^ David Bell, et al. eds. Biographical dictionary of French political leaders since 1870 (1990) pp 257-258.