Parental investment provided by a male to his own offspring
Not to be confused with Parenting or Parental investment.
For paternal care in humans, see Father.
In biology, paternal care is parental investment provided by a male to his own offspring. It is a complex social behaviour in vertebrates associated with animal mating systems, life history traits, and ecology.[1] Paternal care may be provided in concert with the mother (biparental care) or, more rarely, by the male alone (so called exclusive paternal care).
The provision of care, by either males or females, is presumed to increase growth rates, quality, and/or survival of young, and hence ultimately increase the inclusive fitness of parents.[2][3][4] In a variety of vertebrate species (e.g., about 80% of birds[5] and about 6% of mammals),[6] both males and females invest heavily in their offspring. Many of these biparental species are socially monogamous, so individuals remain with their mate for at least one breeding season.
Exclusive paternal care has evolved multiple times in a variety of organisms, including invertebrates, fishes, and amphibians.[7][8][9]
^Stockley P, Hobson L (April 2016). "Paternal care and litter size coevolution in mammals". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 283 (1829): 20160140. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0140. PMC 4855383. PMID 27097924.
^Lack L (1968). Ecological Adaptations for Breeding in Birds. London: Methuen.
^Trivers RL (1972). "Parental investment and sexual selection". In Campbell B (ed.). Sexual selection and the descent of Man 1871–1971. Chicago: Aldine. pp. 136–179. ISBN 9780202020051.
^Westneat DF, Sherman PW (1993). "Parentage and the evolution of parental behavior". Behavioral Ecology. 4: 66–77. doi:10.1093/beheco/4.1.66.
^Cockburn A (June 2006). "Prevalence of different modes of parental care in birds". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 273 (1592): 1375–83. doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3458. PMC 1560291. PMID 16777726.
^Kleiman DG, Malcolm JR (1981). "The evolution of male parental investment in mammals.". In Gubernick DJ, Klopfer PH (eds.). Parental care in mammals. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 347–387. ISBN 9780306405334.
^Clutton-Brock TH (1991). The evolution of parental care. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
^Reynolds JD, Goodwin NB, Freckleton RP (March 2002). "Evolutionary transitions in parental care and live bearing in vertebrates". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 357 (1419): 269–81. doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0930. PMC 1692951. PMID 11958696.
^Wesołowski T (2004). "The origin of parental care in birds: a reassessment". Behavioral Ecology. 15 (3): 520–523. doi:10.1093/beheco/arh039.
In biology, paternalcare is parental investment provided by a male to his own offspring. It is a complex social behaviour in vertebrates associated with...
Parental care thus only evolves where it is adaptive. Types of parental care include maternal or paternalcare, biparental care and alloparental care. Sexual...
precocial, in the form of unassisted paternal (male only) care. The next stage of evolution replaced this with bi-parental care (with a few exceptions). Ligon...
species of the Belostomatidae family, the fathers take care of the offspring. Exclusive paternalcare has been the focus of many studies done on this species...
A father is the male parent of a child. Besides the paternal bonds of a father to his children, the father may have a parental, legal, and social relationship...
males and females (biparental care), females alone (exclusive maternal care) or males alone (exclusive paternalcare). Care can be provided at any stage...
species, including humans, the father plays a significant role in caring for his young. Paternal caregiving has independently evolved multiple times in mammals...
only to later "come alive" with painful results. Belostomatids show paternalcare and these aspects have been studied extensively, among others involving...
mating system: paternalcare, resource access, and mate choice; however, in humans, the main theoretical sources of monogamy are paternalcare and extreme...
in the Heteropachylinae. Maternal care in opiliones probably evolved due to natural selection, while paternalcare appears to be the result of sexual...
; Dixon, J.; Kuwabara, K.; Takahashi, M. K. (2019). "Preoviposition paternalcare in a fully aquatic giant salamander: nest cleaning by a den master"...
Ross, C.N.; French, J.A.; Ortí, G. (2007). "Germ-line chimerism and paternalcare in marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 104 (15):...
natural behavior. Male territorial defense is also considered a form of paternalcare. The presence of a male climbing mantella in a well dissuades other...
reported in both New Zealand genera and appears to be an example of paternalcare. Sorensenellinae is a subfamily of harvestmen in the family Triaenonychidae...
organisms Maternal investment, female strategies in evolutionary biology Paternalcare, care provided by male parents Parenting Maternity hospital Maternity (disambiguation)...
in search of resources such as food and shelter and/or in caring for young. Paternalcare in monogamous species is commonly displayed through carrying...
getting food while away from their offspring. Many species of fish with paternalcare exhibit total or partial clutch cannibalism. This is likely in order...
that males also engage in parental care, building nests for their offspring. Parental care among sirens is paternal due to external fertilization. In S...
Shakespeare mentions Hecate also in King Lear. While disclaiming all his paternalcare for Cordelia, Lear says, "The mysteries of Hecate and the night, By...
Parenting plan Parental supervision Parenting coordinator Paternal age effect Paternalcare Pedagogy Shared parenting Sharenting Jane B. Brooks (28 September...
behaviour tied to paternalcare decrease testosterone levels. In humans and other species that utilize allomaternal care, paternal investment in offspring...
their own cubs rather than assist each other, and males display no paternalcare. Spotted hyena society is matriarchal; females are larger than males...
orbs From whom we do exist and cease to be— Here I disclaim all my paternalcare, Propinquity, and property of blood, And as a stranger to my heart and...
fitness (chance of survival). Most parental care in fish is paternalcare, where the male primarily gives care to the eggs, and redlip blennies are not exception...
plants and rocks placed across their aquarium, and displaying extensive paternalcare with the males protecting the eggs until they hatch, and building a...
uncommon among mammals as a whole. They are typically monogamous, provide paternalcare to their offspring, have reproductive cycles with lengthy proestral...
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