Pastoral rock art is the most common form of Central Saharan rock art, created in painted and engraved styles[1] depicting pastoralists and bow-wielding hunters in scenes of animal husbandry, along with various animals (e.g., cattle, sheep, goats, dogs),[2] spanning from 6300 BCE[3] to 700 BCE.[4] The Pastoral Period is preceded by the Round Head Period and followed by the Caballine Period.[5] The Early Pastoral Period spanned from 6300 BCE to 5400 BCE.[3] Domesticated cattle were brought to the Central Sahara (e.g., Tadrart Acacus), and given the opportunity for becoming socially distinguished, to develop food surplus, as well as to acquire and aggregate wealth, led to the adoption of a cattle pastoral economy by some Central Saharan hunter-gatherers of the Late Acacus.[6] In exchange, cultural information regarding utilization of vegetation (e.g., Cenchrus, Digitaria) in the Central Sahara (e.g., Uan Tabu, Uan Muhuggiag) was shared by Late Acacus hunter-gatherers with incoming Early Pastoral peoples.[6]
The Middle Pastoral Period (5200 cal BCE – 3800 cal BCE) is when most of the Pastoral rock art was developed.[7] In the Messak region of southwestern Libya, there were cattle remains set in areas in proximity to engraved Pastoral rock art depicting cattle (e.g., rituals of cattle sacrifice).[8] Stone monuments are also often found in proximity to these engraved Pastoral rock art.[8] A complete cattle pastoral economy (e.g., dairying) developed in the Acacus and Messak regions of southwestern Libya.[8] Semi-sedentary settlements were used seasonally by Middle Pastoral peoples depending on the weather patterns (e.g., monsoon).[8]
Amid the Late Pastoral Period, animals associated with the modern savanna decreased in appearance on Central Saharan rock art and animals suited for dry environments and animals associated with the modern Sahelian increased in appearance on Central Saharan rock art.[3] At Takarkori rockshelter, between 5000 BP and 4200 BP, Late Pastoral peoples herded goats, seasonally (e.g., winter), and began a millennia-long tradition of creating megalithic monuments, utilized as funerary sites where individuals were buried in stone-covered tumuli that were usually away from areas of dwellings in 5000 BP.[9]
The Final Pastoral Period (1500 BCE – 700 BCE) was a transitory period from nomadic pastoralism toward becoming increasingly sedentary.[4] Final Pastoral peoples were scattered, semi-migratory groups who practiced transhumance.[4] Burial mounds (e.g., conical tumuli, v-type) were created set a part from others and small-sized burial mounds were created closely together.[4] Final Pastoral peoples kept small pastoral animals (e.g., goats) and increasingly utilized plants.[4][10] At Takarkori rockshelter, Final Pastoral peoples created burial sites for several hundred individuals that contained non-local, luxury goods and drum-type architecture in 3000 BP, which made way for the development of the Garamantian civilization.[9]
^Gallinaro, Marina; Di Lernia, Savino (November 2011). "Working in a UNESCO WH site. problems and practices on the rock art of tadrart akakus (SW Libya, central Sahara)". Journal of African Archaeology. 9 (2): 162, 167, 169, 173. doi:10.3213/2191-5784-10198. ISSN 1612-1651. OCLC 7787754660. S2CID 162084812.
^Coulson, David; Campbell, Alec (2010). "Rock Art of the Tassili n Ajjer, Algeria" (PDF). Adoranten: 30, 33, 35.
^ abcGuagnin, Maria (February 2015). "Animal engravings in the central Sahara: A proxy of a proxy". Environmental Archaeology. 20 (1): 1–2, 12. doi:10.1179/1749631414Y.0000000026. ISSN 1461-4103. OCLC 8659976399. S2CID 128628375.
^ abcdeMori, Lucia; et al. (October 2013). Life and death at Fewet. Edizioni All'Insegna del Giglio. p. 374. doi:10.1400/220016. ISBN 9788878145948. OCLC 881264296. S2CID 159219731.
^Soukopova, Jitka (2017). "Central Saharan rock art: Considering the kettles and cupules". Journal of Arid Environments. 143: 10–12. Bibcode:2017JArEn.143...10S. doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2016.12.011. ISSN 0140-1963. OCLC 7044514678. S2CID 132225521.
^ abGarcea, Elena A.A. (July 2019). "Cultural adaptations at Uan Tabu from the Upper Pleistocene to the Late Holocene". Uan Tabu in the Settlement History of the Libyan Sahara. All’Insegna del Giglio. pp. 232–235. ISBN 9788878141841. OCLC 48360794. S2CID 133766878.
^Gallinaro, Marina; Di Lernia, Savino (2018). "Trapping or tethering stones (TS): A multifunctional device in the Pastoral Neolithic of the Sahara". PLOS ONE. 13 (1): e0191765. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1391765G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0191765. ISSN 1932-6203. OCLC 7315414106. PMC 5784975. PMID 29370242.
^ abcdDi Lernia, Savino; et al. (2013). "Inside the "African Cattle Complex": Animal Burials in the Holocene Central Sahara". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e56879. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...856879D. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056879. ISSN 1932-6203. OCLC 828565064. PMC 3577651. PMID 23437260. S2CID 4057938.
^ abDi Lernia, Savino; Tafuri, Mary Anne (March 2013). "Persistent deathplaces and mobile landmarks: The Holocene mortuary and isotopic record from Wadi Takarkori (SW Libya)". Journal of Anthropological Archaeology. 32: 3–5, 8–14. doi:10.1016/J.JAA.2012.07.002. hdl:11573/491908. ISSN 0278-4165. OCLC 5902856678. S2CID 144968825.
^Di Lernia, Savino (June 2013). "Places, monuments, and landscape: Evidence from the Holocene central Sahara". Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa. 48 (2): 176, 179–181, 183–186. doi:10.1080/0067270X.2013.788867. hdl:11573/514585. ISSN 0067-270X. OCLC 5136086464. S2CID 162877973.
to 700 BCE. The PastoralPeriod is preceded by the Round Head Period and followed by the Caballine Period. The Early PastoralPeriod spanned from 6300...
most likely had flowing water from the Late Acacus period until the end of the Middle Pastoralperiod, with wetlands nearby. This river was called Wadi...
referred to as "PCG" (pastoral care group), "pastoralperiod", or simply "pastoral", where the teacher is called a "PCA" (pastoral care advisor). As in...
practiced pastoralism, and 75% of all countries had pastoral communities. Pastoral communities have different levels of mobility. Sedentary pastoralism has...
The pastoral genre of literature, art, or music depicts an idealised form of the shepherd's lifestyle – herding livestock around open areas of land according...
spanning the Bubaline Period, Kel Essuf Period, Round Head Period, PastoralPeriod, Caballine Period, and Cameline Period. The Sahara was then a much wetter...
Bubaline Period, Kel Essuf Period, and Round Head Period of the Central Sahara, the PastoralPeriod followed. In East Africa, the beginning of the Pastoral Neolithic...
the tumuli tradition originated in the Middle PastoralPeriod and transformed amid the Late PastoralPeriod (4500 BP – 2500 BP). At Takarkori rockshelter...
Pastoral theology is the branch of practical theology concerned with the application of the study of religion in the context of regular church ministry...
Nomadic pastoralism is a form of pastoralism in which livestock are herded in order to seek for fresh pastures on which to graze. True nomads follow an...
The Pastoral Neolithic (5000 BP - 1200 BP) refers to a period in Africa's prehistory, specifically Tanzania and Kenya, marking the beginning of food production...
Queens for denominational work in New York City. He would later hold pastoral positions in Albany, Elmira, and Troy in New York State. He was back in...
Central Sahara. The engraved and painted Central Saharan rock art of the PastoralPeriod was created between 7500 BP and 2800 BP. One of the earliest Libyco-Berber...
American Pastoral is a Philip Roth novel published in 1997 concerning Seymour "Swede" Levov, a successful Jewish American businessman and former high school...
Pre-Pottery Neolithic C period. Juris Zarins has proposed that a Circum Arabian Nomadic Pastoral Complex developed in the period from the climatic crisis...
created by 3000 BP. The Round Head Period is preceded by the Kel Essuf Period and followed by the PastoralPeriod. Round Head rock art number up to several...
shepherded Barbary sheep. After the Kel Essuf Period and Round Head Period of the Central Sahara, the PastoralPeriod followed. Some of the hunter-gatherers...
The pastoral epistles are a group of three books of the canonical New Testament: the First Epistle to Timothy (1 Timothy), the Second Epistle to Timothy...
The pastoral pipe (also known as the hybrid union pipes, organ pipe and union pipe) was a bellows-blown bagpipe, widely recognised as the forerunner and...
In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great...
the rock art in this area is from the Horse Period, and was made in the last 2,000 years. PastoralPeriod art was also shown here. Messak Settafet, Libya:...
Rift Valley of East Africa and surrounding areas during a time period known as the Pastoral Neolithic. They were South Cushitic speaking pastoralists who...
as late as 1000 BP or some period of time after 1500 CE. After the Kel Essuf Period, Round Head Period, and PastoralPeriod of the Central Sahara, sedentary...
shepherded Barbary sheep. After the Kel Essuf Period and Round Head Period of the Central Sahara, the PastoralPeriod followed. Some of the hunter-gatherers...
show continuation of the Round Head rock art tradition well into the PastoralPeriod. From 60,000 BP or 40,000 BP to 20,000 BP, the Aterian culture existed...
as valued assets) developed among herders amid the PastoralPeriod of the Sahara. Saharan pastoral culture (e.g., fields of tumuli, lustrous stone rings...
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