For organizational rules on passwords, see Password policy.
Options menu of the random password generation tool in KeePass. Enabling more character subsets raises the strength of generated passwords a small amount, whereas increasing their length raises the strength a large amount.
Password strength is a measure of the effectiveness of a password against guessing or brute-force attacks. In its usual form, it estimates how many trials an attacker who does not have direct access to the password would need, on average, to guess it correctly. The strength of a password is a function of length, complexity, and unpredictability.[1]
Using strong passwords lowers the overall risk of a security breach, but strong passwords do not replace the need for other effective security controls.[2] The effectiveness of a password of a given strength is strongly determined by the design and implementation of the authentication factors (knowledge, ownership, inherence). The first factor is the main focus of this article.
The rate at which an attacker can submit guessed passwords to the system is a key factor in determining system security. Some systems impose a time-out of several seconds after a small number (e.g. three) of failed password entry attempts. In the absence of other vulnerabilities, such systems can be effectively secured with relatively simple passwords. However, the system store information about the user's passwords in some form and if that information is stolen, say by breaching system security, the user's passwords can be at risk.
In 2019, the United Kingdom's NCSC analyzed public databases of breached accounts to see which words, phrases, and strings people used. The most popular password on the list was 123456, appearing in more than 23 million passwords. The second-most popular string, 123456789, was not much harder to crack, while the top five included "qwerty", "password", and 1111111.[3]
^"Cyber Security Tip ST04-002". Choosing and Protecting Passwords. US CERT. 21 May 2009. Archived from the original on July 7, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2009.
^"Why User Names and Passwords Are Not Enough | SecurityWeek.Com". www.securityweek.com. 31 January 2019. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
^"Millions using 123456 as password, security study finds". BBC News. 21 April 2019. Retrieved 24 April 2019.
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