A firefighter wearing a silicone passive sampler on an elastic necklace, shaped like a dog tag
Passive sampling is an environmental monitoring technique involving the use of a collecting medium, such as a man-made device or biological organism, to accumulate chemical pollutants in the environment over time. This is in contrast to grab sampling, which involves taking a sample directly from the media of interest at one point in time. In passive sampling, average chemical concentrations are calculated over a device's deployment time, which avoids the need to visit a sampling site multiple times to collect multiple representative samples.[1] Currently, passive samplers have been developed and deployed to detect toxic metals, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, radionuclides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other organic compounds in water,[2][3][4][5] while some passive samplers can detect hazardous substances in the air.[6][7][8]
^Górecki, Tadeusz; Namieśnik, Jacek (2002). "Passive sampling". Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 21 (4): 276–291. doi:10.1016/S0165-9936(02)00407-7.
^Charriau, Adeline; Lissalde, Sophie; Poulier, Gaëlle; Mazzella, Nicolas; Buzier, Rémy; Guibaud, Gilles (2016). "Overview of the Chemcatcher® for the passive sampling of various pollutants in aquatic environments Part A: Principles, calibration, preparation and analysis of the sampler". Talanta. 148: 556–571. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.064. PMID 26653485.
^Lissalde, Sophie; Charriau, Adeline; Poulier, Gaëlle; Mazzella, Nicolas; Buzier, Rémy; Giubaud, Giles (2016). "Overview of the Chemcatcher® for the passive sampling of various pollutants in aquatic environments Part B: Field handling and environmental applications for the monitoring of pollutants and their biological effects". Talanta. 148: 572–582. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2015.06.076. PMID 26653486.
^Brumbaugh, WG; Petty, JD; Huckins, JN; Manahan, SE (2002). "Stabilized Liquid Membrane Device (SLMD) for the Passive, Integrative Sampling of Labile Metals in Water". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 133: 109–119. Bibcode:2002WASP..133..109B. doi:10.1023/A:1012923529742. S2CID 93497819.
^"Guidelines for the Use of the Semipermeable Membrane Device (SPMD) and the Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) in Environmental Monitoring Studies". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
^"Passive (Diffusive) Sampling Overview". Sigma-Aldrich. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
^"Lichen Monitoring in US National Forests and Parks Reports, Publications and Other Resources". National Lichens & Air Quality Database and Clearinghouse. United States Forest Service. Retrieved 31 May 2018.
^Cite error: The named reference Tubes was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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