Participant observation is one type of data collection method by practitioner-scholars typically used in qualitative research and ethnography. This type of methodology is employed in many disciplines, particularly anthropology (incl. cultural anthropology and ethnology), sociology (incl. sociology of culture and cultural criminology), communication studies, human geography, and social psychology. Its aim is to gain a close and intimate familiarity with a given group of individuals (such as a religious, occupational, youth group, or a particular community) and their practices through an intensive involvement with people in their cultural environment, usually over an extended period of time.
The concept "participant observation" was first coined in 1924 by Eduard C. Lindeman (1885-1953), an American pioneer in adult education influenced by John Dewey and Danish educator-philosopher N.F.S.Grundtvig, in his book "Social Discovery: An Approach to the Study of Functional Groups." The method, however, originated earlier and was applied in the field research linked to European and American voyages of scientific exploration.
In 1800 one of precursors of the method, Joseph Marie, baron de Gérando, said that: "The first way to get to know the Indians is to become like one of them; and it is by learning their language that we will become their fellow citizens."[1] Later, the method would be popularized by Bronisław Malinowski and his students in Britain; the students of Franz Boas in the United States; and, in the later urban research, the students of the Chicago school of sociology.
^Degérando, Joseph-Marie (2013) [1800]. Considérations sur les diverses méthodes à suivre dans l'observation des peuples sauvages. Department of Philosophy, History, Human Sciences (in French). National Library of France and Société des observateurs de l'homme.
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Participantobservation is one type of data collection method by practitioner-scholars typically used in qualitative research and ethnography. This type...
Covert participantobservation is a method in social science research. Participantobservation involves a researcher joining the group they are studying...
implied "different ethical contracts between the participant and researcher". In participantobservation ethnographers get to understand a culture by directly...
places/circumstances). Cultural anthropology has a rich methodology, including participantobservation (often called fieldwork because it requires the anthropologist...
of direction observation with intervention: participantobservation, structured observation, and field experiments. Participate observation is characterized...
in-depth examination of context, and the importance they place on participant-observation or experiential immersion in the area of research. Cultural anthropology...
unclear in online communities. Cyber-ethnography attempts to adapt participant-observation procedures such as making cultural entrée, collecting and analyzing...
behavior. As a form of inquiry, ethnography relies heavily on participantobservation—on the researcher participating in the setting or with the people...
grounded, inductive method that heavily relies on participant-observation. Participantobservation is a structured type of research strategy. It is a...
research techniques, also used in anthropology and sociology. Participantobservation and in-depth interviews provide human geographers with qualitative...
own criticisms beyond those attributed to the participant-observer approach itself. Participantobservation, as an approach to the paranormal, has gained...
Proof in ParticipantObservation," American Sociological Review, Vol. 23, No. 6, 1958, pp. 652-660 Grove, S.J. and Fisk, R.P., "Observational data collection...
family. Through this work, Whyte became a pioneer in participantobservation (which he called "participant observer research"). Street Corner Society describes...
particularly concerning when it comes to participantobservation, and most notably covert participantobservation. Due to the nature of criminological research...
research being "out there"—to a more immediate undertaking, where participantobservation embeds the researcher in the enactment of the settings being reported...
techniques include interviews, observation of either naturally occurring behavior (including as part of participantobservation) or behavior in a laboratory...
anthropology and the social research methods of ethnography and participantobservation in the study of community. In academic settings around the world...
in-depth understanding of the current notion of Ijtema in Bangladesh. Participantobservation, which is the main tool of ethnographic approach, provided a deep...
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research methods, like participantobservation, to study aspects of social interaction, and/or individuals' selves. Participantobservation allows researchers...
collection, analysis, research ethics, and representation, rooted in participantobservation. In netnography, a significant amount of the data originates in...
either a descriptive word, i.e. of or relating to the first-hand participant-observation practices of ethnographers, or a writing style or genre that narrates...
ISSN 1470-3297. S2CID 142680233. "Non-ParticipantObservation". A Dictionary of Sociology. "Observation, Participant". International Encyclopedia of the...
process tracing, historical and institutional analysis, ethnography, participantobservation, and interview research. Political scientists also use and develop...
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