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Open society (French: société ouverte) is a term coined by French philosopher Henri Bergson in 1932,[1][2] and describes a dynamic system inclined to moral universalism.[3] Bergson contrasted an open society with what he called a closed society, a closed system of law, morality or religion. Bergson suggests that if all traces of civilization were to disappear, the instincts of the closed society for including or excluding others would remain.[4]
The idea of an open society was further developed during World War II by the Austrian-born British philosopher Karl Popper.[5][6] Popper saw it as part of a historical continuum reaching from the organic, tribal, or closed society, through the open society (marked by a critical attitude to tradition) to the abstract or depersonalized society lacking all face-to-face interaction transactions.[7]
^• Henri Bergson ([1932] 1937). Les Deux Sources de la morale et de la religion, ch. I, pp. 1–103 and ch. IV, pp. 287–343. Félix Alcan. • Translated as ([1935] 1977), The Two Sources of Morality and Religion Internet Archive (left or right arrow buttons select succeeding pages), pp. 18–27, 45–65, 229–234., trs., R. A. Audra and C. Brereton, with assistance of W. H. Carter. Macmillan press, Notre Dame.
^Leszek Kołakowski, Modernity on Endless Trial (1997), p. 162
^Thomas Mautner (2005), 2nd ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy ["Open society" entry], p. 443.
^Henri Bergson, The Two Sources of Morality and Religion, Macmillan, 1935, pp. 20–21.
^K. R. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, 2 vols. ([1945] 1966), 5th ed.
^A. N. Wilson, Our Times (2008), pp. 17–18
^K. R. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, Volume One (1945), 1 and 174–175.
Opensociety (French: société ouverte) is a term coined by French philosopher Henri Bergson in 1932, and describes a dynamic system inclined to moral universalism...
The OpenSociety and Its Enemies is a work on political philosophy by the philosopher Karl Popper, in which the author presents a "defence of the open society...
stand at about 0.01%. Society portal Civil society Consumerism Group cohesiveness High society Learned society Mass societyOpensociety Outline of community...
Blinken OpenSociety Archives (abbreviated as Blinken OSA) is an archival repository and laboratory that aims to explore new ways of assessing, contextualizing...
worth of US$6.7 billion, having donated more than $32 billion to the OpenSociety Foundations, of which $15 billion has already been distributed, representing...
OpenSociety Initiative for Southern Africa (OSISA) is a Southern African organization which "collaborates with other organizations on issues surrounding...
Texas. The society advocates freedom of expression, free market economic policies and the political values of an opensociety. Further, the society seeks to...
philanthropist. One of the sons of billionaire George Soros, he is chair of the OpenSociety Foundations and one of the World Economic Forum's Young Global Leaders...
The Open Spaces Society is a campaign group that works to protect public rights of way and open spaces in the United Kingdom, such as common land and...
Royal SocietyOpen Science is a peer-reviewed, open access scientific journal published by the Royal Society since September 2014. Its launch was announced...
The Party for the OpenSociety (Czech: Strana pro otevřenou společnost, SOS) is a minor social liberal political party in the Czech Republic. The party...
George Soros has funded a variety of political projects in recent years. OpenSociety Foundations New America Best for Britain European Movement UK Scientists...
organized. Social organizations within society are constantly changing. Smaller scale social organizations in society include groups forming from common interests...
Beta Kappa became an "open" society was that at Trinity College in Connecticut, in 1845. In the pre-Civil War period, Society chapters frequently sponsored...
the Kaphan Foundation, Mertz Gilmore Foundation, the Omidyar Network, OpenSociety Foundations, the Popplestone Foundation, and the Rockefeller Brothers...
OpenSociety Foundations. OpenSociety Foundations OpenSociety Initiative for Southern Africa OpenSociety Initiative for East Africa OpenSociety Initiative...
with Central European University, became the founding members of the OpenSociety University Network, a collaborative global education initiative endowed...
Managing Director, Joanna Ball. The OpenSociety Institute funded various open access related projects after the Budapest Open Access Initiative; the Directory...
Civil society can be understood as the "third sector" of society, distinct from government and business, and including the family and the private sphere...
of "paradox of tolerance" is given in the notes of Karl Popper's The OpenSociety and Its Enemies in 1945. Popper raises the paradox in the chapter notes...
committee including representatives of governments and civil society organizations. The Open Government Partnership (OGP) was formally launched on September...
and philosophical. One argument is that liberalism provides democratic societies with the means to carry out civic reform by providing a framework for...
the principles of social criticism that he believed made a flourishing opensociety possible. His political philosophy embraced ideas from major democratic...
The Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Dutch: Open Vlaamse Liberalen en Democraten, pronounced [ˈoːpə(ɱ) ˈvlaːmsə libəˈraːlə(n) ɛn deːmoːˈkraːtə(n)]...