Global InformationOpen science information
 | This article uses bare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable to link rot. (September 2022) |
 Pillars of the Open Science according to UNESCO's 2021 Open Science recommendation.[1] | |
| Country | Worldwide |
|---|---|
| Major figures | UNESCO |
| Influences | Open access, Open source movement, Creative Commons licenses, Sci-Hub, Wikimedia movement. |
| Influenced | Academia worldwide |
Open science is the movement to make scientific research (including publications, data, physical samples, and software) and its dissemination accessible to all levels of society, amateur or professional.[2][3] Open science is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks.[4] It encompasses practices such as publishing open research, campaigning for open access, encouraging scientists to practice open-notebook science (such as openly sharing data and code[5]), broader dissemination and engagement in science[6] and generally making it easier to publish, access and communicate scientific knowledge.
Usage of the term varies substantially across disciplines, with a notable prevalence in the STEM disciplines. Open research is often used quasi-synonymously to address the gap that the denotion of "science" might have regarding an inclusion of the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences. The primary focus connecting all disciplines is the widespread uptake of new technologies and tools, and the underlying ecology of the production, dissemination and reception of knowledge from a research-based point-of-view.[7][8]
As Tennant et al. (2020)[9] note, the term open science "implicitly seems only to regard ‘scientific’ disciplines, whereas open scholarship can be considered to include research from the Arts and Humanities,[10][11] as well as the different roles and practices that researchers perform as educators and communicators, and an underlying open philosophy of sharing knowledge beyond research communities."
Open science can be seen as a continuation of, rather than a revolution in, practices begun in the 17th century with the advent of the academic journal, when the societal demand for access to scientific knowledge reached a point at which it became necessary for groups of scientists to share resources[12] with each other.[13] In modern times there is debate about the extent to which scientific information should be shared.[14][5] The conflict that led to the Open Science movement is between the desire of scientists to have access to shared resources versus the desire of individual entities to profit when other entities partake of their resources.[15] Additionally, the status of open access and resources that are available for its promotion are likely to differ from one field of academic inquiry to another.[16]
- ^ "Understanding open science". unesdoc.unesco.org. UNESCO.org. 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
- ^ Woelfle, M.; Olliaro, P.; Todd, M. H. (2011). "Open science is a research accelerator". Nature Chemistry. 3 (10): 745–748. Bibcode:2011NatCh...3..745W. doi:10.1038/nchem.1149. PMID 21941234.
- ^ Parsons, Sam; Azevedo, Flávio; Elsherif, Mahmoud M.; Guay, Samuel; Shahim, Owen N.; Govaart, Gisela H.; Norris, Emma; O’Mahony, Aoife; Parker, Adam J.; Todorovic, Ana; Pennington, Charlotte R. (March 2022). "A community-sourced glossary of open scholarship terms". Nature Human Behaviour. 6 (3): 312–318. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01269-4. ISSN 2397-3374. PMID 35190714. S2CID 247025114.
- ^ Vicente-Saez, Ruben; Martinez-Fuentes, Clara (2018). "Open Science now: A systematic literature review for an integrated definition". Journal of Business Research. 88: 428–436. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.043. S2CID 158229869.
- ^ a b Gomes, Dylan G. E.; Pottier, Patrice; Crystal-Ornelas, Robert; Hudgins, Emma J.; Foroughirad, Vivienne; Sánchez-Reyes, Luna L.; Turba, Rachel; Martinez, Paula Andrea; Moreau, David; Bertram, Michael G.; Smout, Cooper A.; Gaynor, Kaitlyn M. (30 November 2022). "Why don't we share data and code? Perceived barriers and benefits to public archiving practices". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 289 (1987): 1–11. doi:10.1098/rspb.2022.1113. PMC 9682438. PMID 36416041. S2CID 253761876.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
10.1016/j.joi.2021.101223was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ FOSTER Consortium (26 November 2018). "What is Open Science?". Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.2629946. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ Tennant, J; Beamer, J E; Bosman, J; Brembs, B; Chung, N C; Clement, G; Crick, T; Dugan, J; Dunning, A; Eccles, D; Enkhbayar, A; Graziotin, D; Harding, R; Havemann, J; Katz, D; Khanal, K; Norgaard Kjaer, J; Koder, T; Macklin, P; Madan, C; Masuzzo, P; Matthias, L; Mayer, K; Nichols, D; Papadopoulou, E; Pasquier, T; Ross-Hellauer, T; Schulte-Mecklenbeck, M; Sholler, D; Steiner, T; Szczesny, P; Turner, A. "Foundations for Open Scholarship Strategy Development". MetaArXiv. doi:10.31222/osf.io/b4v8p. S2CID 159417649. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
- ^ Tennant, Jon; Argawal, Ritwik; Baždarić, Ksenija; Brassard, David; Crick, Tom; Dunleavy, Daniel; Evans, Thomas; Garnder, Nicholas; Gonzalez-Marquez, Monica; Graziotin, Daniel; Greshake Tzovaras, Bastian; Gunnarsson, Daniel; Havemann, Johanna; Hosseini, Mohammad; Katz, Daniel; Madan, Christopher; Manghi, Paolo; Marocchino, Alberto; Masuzzo, Paolo; Murray-Rust, Peter; Narayanaswamy, Sanjay; Nilsonne, Gustav; Pacheco-Mendoza, Josmel; Penders, Bart; Pourret, Olivier; Rera, Michael; Samuel, John; Steiner, Tobias; Stojanovski, Jadranka; Uribe-Tirado, Alejandro; Vos, Rutger; Worthington, Simon; Yarkoni, Tal (4 March 2020). "A tale of two 'opens': intersections between Free and Open Source Software and Open Scholarship". SocArXiv. OSF. doi:10.31235/osf.io/2kxq8. S2CID 215878907. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
- ^ Eve, Martin (2014). Open Access and the Humanities Contexts, Controversies and the Future. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316161012. ISBN 978-1316161012.
- ^ Knöchelmann, Marcel (19 November 2019). "Open Science in the Humanities, or: Open Humanities?". Publications. 7 (4): 65. doi:10.3390/publications7040065.
- ^ "Machado, J. "Open data and open science". In Albagli, Maciel & Abdo. "Open Science, Open Questions", 2015".
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
emergencewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Nielsen 2011, pp. 198–202.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
pauladavidwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Open Science | A Guide to Open Access, Publishing Market and Recent Developments".