The occlusion effect occurs when an object fills the outer portion of a person's ear canal, causing that person to perceive echo-like "hollow" or "booming" sounds generated from their own voice.
The bone-conducted sound travels to the cochlea through different pathways. The outer ear pathway corresponds to the sound pressure generated in the ear canal cavity due to the vibration of the ear canal wall, which constitutes the source of the occlusion effect. At low frequencies, the outer ear pathway is negligible when the ear canal is open but dominates when it is occluded.
The occlusion effect is thus objectively characterized by an acoustic pressure increase in the occluded ear canal at low frequencies and which can be measured with a probe-tube microphone.[1]
Considering that the vibrating ear canal wall acts as an ideal source of volume velocity (also known as volumetric flow rate), the occlusion device increases the “opposition” of the ear canal cavity to the volume velocity imposed by its wall and thus increases the amplitude of the acoustic pressure that is generated in reaction, leading to the occlusion effect.[2]
The acoustic impedance of the ear canal cavity represents its “opposition” to the volume velocity transfer and governs its reaction in terms of acoustic pressure.
In other words, the occlusion effect is mainly due to the increase of the acoustic impedance of the ear canal cavity when it is occluded.[2][3][4][5]
A person with normal hearing can experience this by sticking their fingers into their ears and talking. Otherwise, this effect is often experienced by hearing aid users who only have a mild to moderate high-frequency hearing loss, but use hearing aids which block the entire ear canal. The occlusion effect is also deemed to be a notable source of discomfort to workers wearing shallowly inserted passive occlusion devices such as earplugs.[6][7]
Active occlusion algorithms are needed to help people with severe hearing loss adequately. If a person suffers from "near-normal low-frequency hearing and mild to moderate hearing loss of up to 70 dB at mid and high frequencies," hearing aids with increased vent size or hollow ear-molds/domes are more suitable for them in lessening the extent of the occlusion effect.[8] In the latter case, the open-fitting decreases the ear canal acoustic impedance and thus the occlusion effect.
For earplug users, an incomplete seal has a similar effect at frequencies lower than the Helmholtz resonance formed by the system (the neck of the resonator corresponding to the incomplete seal at the earplug/ear canal wall interface and the resonator cavity being the partially occluded ear canal). In the general case, the deep-fitting reduces the occlusion effect because the volume velocity imposed by the ear canal wall to the occluded ear canal cavity decreases since the surface as well as the vibration amplitude of the remaining ear canal wall diminish with the insertion depth.[citation needed]
^The "Occlusion Effect" -- What it is, and What to Do About it, by Mark Ross, January, 2004 in Hearing Loss. Accessed 25 Nov 2007.
^ abCarillo, Kévin; Doutres, Olivier; Sgard, Franck (May 2020). "Theoretical investigation of the low frequency fundamental mechanism of the objective occlusion effect induced by bone-conducted stimulation" (PDF). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 147 (5): 3476–3489. Bibcode:2020ASAJ..147.3476C. doi:10.1121/10.0001237. PMID 32486794.
^Stenfelt, Stefan; Reinfeldt, Sabine (January 2007). "A model of the occlusion effect with bone-conducted stimulation". International Journal of Audiology. 46 (10): 595–608. doi:10.1080/14992020701545880. PMID 17922349. S2CID 39146020.
^Occlusion effects, Part II: A study of the occlusion effect mechanism and the influence of the earmould properties, Report by M. Ø. Hansen, T. Poulsen, and P. Lundh, Technical University Denmark, 1998.
^Zurbrügg, T.; Stirnemannn, A.; Kuster, M.; Lissek, H. (1 May 2014). "Investigations on the physical factors influencing the ear canal occlusion effect caused by hearing aids". Acta Acustica United with Acustica. 100 (3): 527–536. doi:10.3813/AAA.918732.
^Rating and ranking methods for hearing protector wearability. J.G. Casali, S.T. Lam and B.W. Epps - Sound & Vibration, 1987.
^Doutres, Olivier; Sgard, Franck; Terroir, Jonathan; Perrin, Nellie; Jolly, Caroline; Gauvin, Chantal; Negrini, Alessia (2 December 2019). "A critical review of the literature on comfort of hearing protection devices: definition of comfort and identification of its main attributes for earplug types" (PDF). International Journal of Audiology. 58 (12): 824–833. doi:10.1080/14992027.2019.1646930. PMID 31362514. S2CID 199000288.
^Winkler, Alexandra; Latzel, Matthias; Holube, Inga (1 January 2016). "Open Versus Closed Hearing-Aid Fittings: A Literature Review of Both Fitting Approaches". Trends in Hearing. 20. doi:10.1177/2331216516631741. PMC 4765810. PMID 26879562.
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