Obligate mutualism is a special case of mutualism where an ecological interaction between species mutually benefits each other, and one or all species are unable to survive without the other.[1] In some obligate relationships, only one species is dependent on the relationship. For example, a parasite may require a host in order to reproduce and survive, while the host does not depend at all on the parasite.[2] Fig and fig wasps are an example of a co-obligate relationship, where both species are totally dependent on the relationship. The fig plant is entirely dependent on the fig wasp for pollination, and the fig wasp requires the fig plant for reproductive purposes.[3] Many insect-fungi relationships are also co-obligate: the insect disperses, and in some cases protects, the fungi while the fungi provide nutrients for the insects. This interaction allows insects and fungi to, as a group, inhabit previously inhospitable or unreachable environments.[4] Though obligate relationships need not be limited to two species, they are often discussed as such, with the relationship being made up of a host and a symbiont, though the terms are often attributed arbitrarily.[2]
^ abNguyen, Phuong Linh; Baalen, Minus van (2020-07-30). "On the difficult evolutionary transition from the free-living lifestyle to obligate symbiosis". PLOS ONE. 15 (7): e0235811. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1535811N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235811. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7392539. PMID 32730262.
^Anstett, M. C.; Hossaert-McKey, M.; Kjellberg, F. (March 1997). "Figs and fig pollinators: evolutionary conflicts in a coevoled mutualism". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 12 (3): 94–99. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(96)10064-1. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 21237991.
^Biedermann, Peter H.W.; Vega, Fernando E. (2020-01-07). "Ecology and Evolution of Insect–Fungus Mutualisms". Annual Review of Entomology. 65 (1): 431–455. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-024910. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 31610133.
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Obligatemutualism is a special case of mutualism where an ecological interaction between species mutually benefits each other, and one or all species...
ectoparasites in other fish, possibly another kind of mutualism. A spectacular example of obligatemutualism is the relationship between the siboglinid tube...
third known example of obligate pollination with seed consumption. Senita cactus and senita moth mutualism is similar to the mutualism seen with figs and...
than to the saddleback fish with which it was previously grouped. Obligatemutualism was thought to be the key innovation that allowed anemonefish to radiate...
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facultative mutualism, where two mutualistic partners both benefit from the mutualism, but can theoretically survive in each other's absence. Mutualisms are remarkably...
abstract Witmer, M. C. & Cheke, A. S. (1991): The dodo and the tambalacoque tree: an obligatemutualism reconsidered. Oikos 61(1): 133–137. HTML abstract...
Trophic mutualism is a key type of ecological mutualism. Specifically, "trophic mutualism" refers to the transfer of energy and nutrients between two...
Mexico in the north to Argentina in the south. Fig wasps have an obligatemutualism with the fig species they pollinate. Pegoscapus pollinates species...
fitness outcomes for each member. At one end of the continuum lies obligatemutualism where both host and symbiont benefit from the interaction and are...
as 250 feet (76 metres) being reported. Like all figs, it has an obligatemutualism with fig wasps; figs are pollinated only by fig wasps, and fig wasps...
Individuals may reach 30 m (100 ft) in height. Like all figs, it has an obligatemutualism with fig wasps: figs are only pollinated by fig wasps, and fig wasps...
to Florida, the Caribbean, Mexico and Central America. It has an obligatemutualism with Ficus aurea, the fig species it pollinates. Jousselin, Emmanuelle;...
type of mutualism can be found in the plant genus Macaranga. All species of this genus provide food for ants in various forms, but only the obligate species...
are meat eaters; a few, such as the large and small cats (felidae) are obligate carnivores (see below). Other classes of carnivore are highly variable...
is a species of fig wasp which is native to Australia. It has an obligatemutualism with Ficus watkinsiana, the fig species it pollinates. Lopez-Vaamonde...
is a genus of fig wasp native to the Americas. Fig wasps have an obligatemutualism with the fig species they pollinate. Tetrapus pollinates figs in the...
Cheke, A. S. (May 1991). "The Dodo and the Tambalacoque Tree: An ObligateMutualism Reconsidered". Oikos. 61 (1): 133–137. Bibcode:1991Oikos..61..133W...
fig wasp which is native to South and Central America. It has an obligatemutualism with Ficus maxima, the fig species it pollinates. Jousselin, Emmanuelle;...
is a species of fig wasp which is native to Australia. It has an obligatemutualism with Ficus subpuberula, the fig species it pollinates. Lopez-Vaamonde...
is a species of fig wasp which is native to Australia. It has an obligatemutualism with Ficus lilliputiana, the fig species it pollinates. Lopez-Vaamonde...
is a species of fig wasp which is native to Australia. It has an obligatemutualism with Ficus platypoda, the fig species it pollinates. Lopez-Vaamonde...
is a species of fig wasp which is native to Australia. It has an obligatemutualism with Ficus crassipes, the fig species it pollinates. Lopez-Vaamonde...
is a species of fig wasp which is native to Australia. It has an obligatemutualism with Ficus pleurocarpa, the fig species it pollinates. Lopez-Vaamonde...
is a species of fig wasp which is native to Australia. It has an obligatemutualism with Ficus pleurocarpa, the fig species it pollinates. Lopez-Vaamonde...
several species that are obligate mutualists with certain species of Acacia. Other species have evolved obligatemutualism with other trees; for example...
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