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World production of nickel pig iron, and proportion of that in the primary nickel production.
Nickel pig iron (NPI) is a low grade ferronickel invented in China as a cheaper alternative to pure nickel for the production of stainless steel[citation needed]. The production process of nickel pig iron utilizes lateritic nickel ores instead of pure nickel sold on the world market. The alternative was developed as a response to the high price of pure nickel. The estimated cost of a ton of nickel pig iron ranged between US$16,500 and $18,000 in 2012, and this cheaper substitute for pure nickel influences the price of nickel on the world market by lowering the demand in certain applications, the most important being the production of stainless steel, representing about two-thirds of nickel use[citation needed].
Nickel pig iron is made of low-grade nickel ore, coking coal, and a mixture of gravel and sand as an aggregate. This mixture is heated in either a blast furnace or an electric arc furnace depending on the desired grade. Impurities are then removed via smelting and sintering processes and the resulting nickel pig iron contains four to 13 percent pure nickel. According to the Canadian city of Sudbury, nickel pig iron equals "dirty nickel" because the production process is not environmentally friendly, the carbon dioxide emissions being particularly high. China had imported most of the nickel containing ore from Indonesia and the Philippines, but as of Jan 2014, Indonesia has banned the export of ore[citation needed]. China imported 53 percent of the nickel ore from Indonesia in 2011[citation needed].
While China is credited with the invention of NPI, there are reports that NPI has been around for more than 100 years, but it was the Chinese who successfully made the production commercially viable.[1]
^"Innovation and Investment Pop Commodity Price Bubble". WSJ. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
Nickelpigiron (NPI) is a low grade ferronickel invented in China as a cheaper alternative to pure nickel for the production of stainless steel[citation...
used during negation New Politics Initiative New product introduction Nickelpigiron Non-pharmaceutical intervention, health measures that are not centred...
Japanese, Chinese and Australian customers to produce ferronickel and nickelpigiron (NPI). NAC's sites were among those under critical inspection of the...
generally presumed to consist of an iron-nickel alloy with ε (or β) structure. The melting and boiling points of iron, along with its enthalpy of atomization...
sixth-largest producer of pigiron. The industry produced 29 million metric tons of pigiron and 88 million tons of steel. Most iron and steel in the United...
of iron and its alloys. The earliest surviving prehistoric iron artifacts, from the 4th millennium BC in Egypt, were made from meteoritic iron-nickel. It...
bringing down costs. The firm pioneered the use of cheaper nickelpigiron in place of metallic nickel in its stainless steel production, and implemented the...
directly from ore, cast iron or pigiron were the starting materials used in the finery forge and puddling furnace. Pigiron and cast iron have higher carbon...
product of melting iron ore in a blast furnace. Cast iron can be made directly from the molten pigiron or by re-melting pigiron, often along with substantial...
from the heating of iron ore in fires (smelting) during the manufacture of iron. Other ancient alloys include pewter, brass and pigiron. In the modern age...
and iron in the bloom, termed sponge iron, is usually consolidated and further forged into wrought iron. Blast furnaces, which produce pigiron, have...
contents higher than those of steel make a brittle alloy commonly called pigiron. Alloy steel is steel to which other alloying elements have been intentionally...
gas. Smelting most prominently takes place in a blast furnace to produce pigiron, which is converted into steel. Plants for the electrolytic reduction of...
important impurity) are removed from the sourced iron, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium, carbon and vanadium are added to produce...
possible. Through the 1870s Wharton began to buy into Bethlehem Iron Company which produced pigiron and steel rails, gradually investing more of his own time...
is the raw material used to make pigiron, which is one of the main raw materials to make steel—98% of the mined iron ore is used to make steel. In 2011...
lead, nickel, silver, uranium, zinc, magnesium and cobalt Iron refining, a stage of refining pigiron (typically grey cast iron to white cast iron), before...
Empire and accounted for a significant proportion of the 2 million tons of pigiron and 1.13 of steel produced annually. The company launched a major modernisation...
welding – a process for joining metals Stamping Steelmaking – turning "pigiron" from smelting into steel Tumble polishing – for polishing Work hardening...
temperature—are iron, cobalt, and nickel. The term "ferrous" is derived from the Latin word meaning "containing iron". This can include pure iron, such as wrought...
Nagaland. Mining is done by the opencast method. Iron ore is mainly used for manufacturing of pigiron, sponge iron and steel. It is also used in coal washeries...
coordinates) Extreme points in Cuba are: Natural resources include cobalt, nickel, iron ore, copper, salt, timber, silica, oil and petroleum. At one time the...
William A. Sweet founded the Sweet Iron Works. Sanderson Brothers of Sheffield, England, bought the Sweet Iron Works for U.S. production in 1876, renaming...
any task. A finery forge is a water-powered mill where pigiron is refined into wrought iron. The anvil serves as a workbench to the blacksmith, where...
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