Global InformationNative American mascot controversy information
| Part of a series on |
| Discrimination |
|---|
 |
Since the 1960s, the issue of Native American and First Nations names and images being used by sports teams as mascots has been the subject of increasing public controversy in the United States and Canada. This has been a period of rising Indigenous civil rights movements, and Native Americans and their supporters object to the use of images and names in a manner and context they consider derogatory. They have conducted numerous protests and tried to educate the public on this issue.
In response since the 1970s, an increasing number of secondary schools have retired such Native American names and mascots. Changes accelerated in 2020, following public awareness of institutional racism prompted by nationally covered cases of police misconduct. National attention was focused on the prominent use of names and images by professional franchises including the Washington Commanders (Redskins until July 2020)[2] and the Cleveland Guardians (Indians until November 2021). In Canada, the Edmonton Eskimos became the Edmonton Elks in 2021. Each such change at the professional level has been followed by changes of school teams; for instance, 29 changed their names between August and December 2020. A National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) database tracks some 1,900 K-12 schools in 970 school districts with Native “themed” school mascots.[3]
The issue has been reported in terms of Native Americans being affected by the offensiveness of certain terms, images, and performances. A more comprehensive understanding of the history and context of using Native American names and images is a reason for sports teams to eliminate such usage.[4] Social science research has shown that sports mascots and images are important symbols with deeper psychological and social effects in society.[5] A 2020 analysis of this research indicates only negative effects; those psychologically detrimental to Native American students and to non-Native persons by promoting negative stereotypes and prejudicial ideas of Native Americans and undermining inter-group relations.[6] Based on such research showing negative effects, more than 115 professional organizations representing civil rights, educational, athletic, and scientific experts, have adopted resolutions stating that such use of Native American names and symbols by non-native sports teams is a form of ethnic stereotyping; it promotes misunderstanding and prejudice that contributes to other problems faced by Native Americans.[7][8]
Defenders of mascots often state their intention to honor Native Americans by referring to positive traits, such as fighting spirit and being strong, brave, stoic, dedicated, and proud; while opponents see these traits as being based upon stereotypes of Native Americans as savages.[9] In general, the social sciences recognize that all ethnic stereotypes, whether positive or negative, are harmful because they promote false or misleading associations between a group and an attribute, fostering a disrespectful relationship. The injustice of such stereotypes is recognized with regard to other racial or ethnic groups, thus mascots are considered morally questionable regardless of offense being taken by individuals.[10] Defenders of the status quo also state that the issue is not important, being only about sports, and that the opposition is nothing more than "political correctness", which change advocates argue ignores the extensive evidence of harmful effects of stereotypes and bias.[11]
The NCAI and over 1,500 national Native organizations and advocates have called for a ban on all Native imagery, names, and other appropriation of Native culture in sports. The joint letter included over 100 Native-led organizations, as well as tribal leaders and members of over 150 federally recognized tribes, reflecting their consensus that Native mascots are harmful.[12][13] Use of such imagery and terms has declined, but at all levels of American and Canadian sports it remains fairly common. Former Representative Deb Haaland (D-New Mexico), approved in March 2021 as the first Indigenous Secretary of the Interior, has long advocated for teams to change such mascots.[14]
- ^ Anderson, L. V. (September 26, 2012). "Where Did the Tomahawk Chop Come From?". Slate Magazine. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
- ^ Kilgore, Adam; Stubbs, Roman (July 9, 2020). "To Native American Groups, Redskins Name Is 'Worst Offender.' Now They Hope for More Changes". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 13, 2020.
- ^ "National School Mascot Tracking Database - Overview" (PDF). NCAI. Retrieved November 30, 2022.
- ^ C. Richard King (2010). "Introduction". In C. Richard King (ed.). The Native American Mascot Controversy: A Handbook. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6731-4.
- ^ Stephanie A. Fryberg (September 2008). "Of Warrior Chiefs and Indian Princesses: The Psychological Consequences of American Indian Mascots" (PDF). Basic and Applied Social Psychology. 30 (3): 208. doi:10.1080/01973530802375003. S2CID 55894203.
- ^ Davis-Delano, Laurel R.; Gone, Joseph P.; Fryberg, Stephanie A. (September 2, 2020). "The Psychosocial Effects of Native American Mascots: A Comprehensive Review of Empirical Research Findings". Race Ethnicity and Education. 23 (5): 613–633. doi:10.1080/13613324.2020.1772221. ISSN 1361-3324.
- ^ "Legislative efforts to eliminate native-themed mascots, nicknames, and logos: Slow but steady progress post-APA resolution". American Psychological Association. August 2010. Retrieved January 23, 2013.
- ^ "National Coalition Against Racism in Sports and Media". National Coalition Against Racism in Sports and Media. Retrieved October 3, 2014.
- ^ Davis, Laurel R. "The problems with Native American mascots". Multicultural Education. 9 (4): 11–14. ISSN 1068-3844. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
- ^ S.P. Morris (2015). "The Trouble with Mascots". Journal of the Philosophy of Sport. 42 (2): 287–297. doi:10.1080/00948705.2014.997740. S2CID 146500378.
- ^ Barbara E. Munson (2010). "2. Teaching Them Respect Not Racism: Common Themes and Questions About the Use of "Indian" Logos". In C. Richard King (ed.). The Native American Mascot Controversy: A Handbook. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6731-4.
- ^ "Native Leaders and Investors Respond to Washington D.C. Football Team Name 'Review'". University of Colorado Boulder. First Peoples Worldwide. July 6, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
- ^ "Letter to Goodell" (PDF). University of Colorado Boulder. First Peoples Worldwide. July 6, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2020.
- ^ "Haaland: We Won't Stop Until the Racist Name and Mascot Have Changed". House.gov. July 3, 2020. Retrieved March 16, 2021.