Global InformationNational Fascist Party information
National Fascist Party Partito Nazionale Fascista | |
|---|---|
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| Abbreviation | PNF |
| Governing body | Grand Council of Fascism |
| Duce | Benito Mussolini |
| Secretaries | See list |
| Founded | 9 November 1921[1][2] |
| Dissolved | 27 July 1943[3] |
| Preceded by | Fasci Italiani di Combattimento |
| Succeeded by | Republican Fascist Party |
| Headquarters | Palazzo Braschi, Rome |
| Newspaper | Il Popolo d'Italia[4] |
| Student wing | Gruppi Universitari Fascisti |
| Youth wing | AGF,[5] ONB,[6] GIL[7] |
| Women's wing | Fasci Femminili |
| Paramilitary wing | Action squads, Blackshirts[8] |
| Overseas wing | Fasci all'Estero[9] |
| Membership | c.a. 10 million (1930 est.)[10] |
| Ideology | Italian fascism |
| Political position | Far-right[11][12] |
| National affiliation | National Bloc (1921)[13] National List (1924) |
| Colours | Black[14] |
| Anthem | "Giovinezza"[15] |
| Party flag | |
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The National Fascist Party (Italian: Partito Nazionale Fascista, PNF) was a political party in Italy, created by Benito Mussolini as the political expression of Italian fascism and as a reorganisation of the previous Italian Fasces of Combat.[16] The party ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1922 when Fascists took power with the March on Rome until the fall of the Fascist regime in 1943, when Mussolini was deposed by the Grand Council of Fascism. It was succeeded, in the territories under the control of the Italian Social Republic, by the Republican Fascist Party, ultimately dissolved at the end of World War II.
The National Fascist Party was rooted in Italian nationalism[17][18] and the desire to restore and expand Italian territories, which Italian Fascists deemed necessary for a nation to assert its superiority and strength and to avoid succumbing to decay.[19][17][18][20][21][22][23] Italian Fascists claimed that modern Italy was the heir to ancient Rome and its legacy and historically supported the creation of an Italian Empire to provide spazio vitale ("living space") for colonisation by Italian settlers and to establish control over the Mediterranean Sea.[24][25][26] The party also supported social conservative stances.[27][28][29]
Fascists promoted a corporatist economic system[30][31] whereby employer and employee syndicates are linked together in associations to collectively represent the nation's economic producers and work alongside the state to set national economic policy.[32][33] This economic system intended to resolve class conflict through collaboration between the classes.[34] Moreover, the PNF strongly advocated autarky.[35][36][37][38]
Italian Fascism, similarly to German Fascism (Nazism), opposed capitalism and liberalism,[39][40] but did not seek a reactionary restoration of the pre-French Revolutionary world, which it considered to have been flawed, and not in line with a forward-looking direction on policy.[40] It was opposed to Marxist socialism in its purest form, despite Giovanni Gentile's fascist philosophy's origins being rooted in Marxism,[41] because of its typical opposition to nationalism,[42] but was also opposed to the reactionary conservatism developed by Joseph de Maistre.[43] It believed the success of Italian nationalism required respect for tradition and a clear sense of a shared past among the Italian people alongside a commitment to a modernised Italy, as well as a solid belief that Italy was destined to become the hegemonic power in Europe.[44]
The National Fascist Party along with its successor, the Republican Fascist Party, are the only parties whose re-formation is banned by the Constitution of Italy: "It shall be forbidden to reorganize, under any form whatsoever, the dissolved Fascist party."
- ^ S. William Halperin (1964). Mussolini and Italian Fascism. Princeton, New Jersey: D. van Nostrand Company. ISBN 0-442-00067-7. p. 34.
- ^ Charles F. Delzell, edit., Mediterranean Fascism 1919-1945, New York, NY, Walker and Company, 1971, p. 26.
- ^ 27 July 1943 (disbanded)
1 January 1948 (banned) - ^ Alberto Malfitano (June 1995). "Giornalismo fascista. Giorgio Pini alla guida del "Popolo d'Italia"" (PDF). Italia Contemporanea (199).
- ^ (1921–1926)
- ^ (1926–1937)
- ^ (1937–1943)
- ^ After approval by the Council of Ministers (Mussolini Cabinet) on 28 December 1922, the draft law on founding the MVSN was approved by a resolution of the Grand Council of Fascism on 12 January 1923. The draft became law under Royal Decree No. 31 of 14 January 1923, issued by the King Victor Emmanuel III. The activities of the MVSN began on 1 February 1923.
- ^ de Caprariis, L. (2000). 'Fascism for Export'? The Rise and Eclipse of the Fasci Italiani all'Estero. Journal of Contemporary History, 35(2), 151–183. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200940003500202
- ^ Cronologia del Nazifascismo – 1930 Archived 25 September 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Associazione Nazionale Partigiani d'Italia
- ^ Smith, Denis Mack (1983). Mussolini. New York, NY: Vintage Books. pp. 43, 44. ISBN 0394716582.
- ^ Raniolo, Francesco (2013). I partiti politici. Roma: Editori Laterza. pp. 116–117.
- ^ Elenco candidati "Blocco Nazionale" Archived 23 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Adams, Sean; Morioka, Noreen; Stone, Terry Lee (2006). Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design. Gloucester, Mass.: Rockport Publishers. pp. 86. ISBN 159253192X. OCLC 60393965.
- ^ Olick, Jeffrey K. 2003. States of Memory-CL: continuities, conflicts, and transformations in national retrospection. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3063-6. p. 69.
- ^ Riley, Dylan (2010). The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania, 1870–1945. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8018-9427-5.
- ^ a b Stanley G. Payne. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. p. 106.
- ^ a b Roger Griffin, "Nationalism" in Cyprian Blamires, ed., World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006), pp. 451–53.
- ^ Grčić, Joseph. Ethics and Political Theory (Lanham, Maryland: University of America, Inc, 2000) p. 120.
- Griffin, Roger and Matthew Feldman, eds., Fascism: Fascism and Culture (London and New York: Routledge, 2004) p. 185.
- Jackson J. Spielvogel. Western Civilization. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2012. p. 935.
- ^ Riley, Dylan (2010). The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain, and Romania, 1870–1945. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-8018-9427-5.
- ^ Woolf, S. J. (24 August 1966). "Mussolini as Revolutionary". Journal of Contemporary History. 1 (2): 187–196. doi:10.1177/002200946600100211. JSTOR 259930. S2CID 159068600.
- ^ Il rapporto tra il sindacalismo rivoluzionario e le origini del fascismo: appunti di lavoro, Diacronie
- ^ Aristotle A. Kallis, Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945. London, England, UK; New York City, USA: Routledge, 2000. Pp. 41.
- ^ Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2018). The United States, the Soviet Union and the Geopolitical Implications of the Origins of the Cold War. Anthem Press. p. 42.
- ^ Griffin, Roger (2006). Fascism Past and Present, West and East. Columbia University Press. p. 47.
- ^ Aristotle A. Kallis. Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922–1945. London, England, UK; New York City, USA: Routledge, 2000. Pp. 50.
- ^ Mark Antliff. Avant-Garde Fascism: The Mobilization of Myth, Art, and Culture in France, 1909–1939. Duke University Press, 2007. p. 171.
- ^ Walter Laqueur (1978). Fascism: A Reader's Guide : Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography. U of California Press. p. 341. ISBN 978-0-520-03642-0.
- ^ Maria Sop Quine. Population Politics in Twentieth Century Europe: Fascist Dictatorships and Liberal Democracies. Routledge, 1995. pp. 46–47.
- ^ Cyprian Blamires. World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006. p. 535.
- ^ Robert Millward. Private and public enterprise in Europe: energy, telecommunications and transport, 1830–1990. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, p. 178.
- ^ Andrew Vincent. Modern Political Ideologies. Third edition. Malden, Massaschussetts, USA; Oxford, England, UK; West Sussex, England, UK: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 2010. Pp. 160.
- ^ Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914-1945, University of Wisconsin Press, 1995.
- ^ John Whittam. Fascist Italy. Manchester, England, UK; New York City, USA: Manchester University Press, 1995. Pp. 160.
- ^ L'Italia e l'autarchia, Enciclopedia Treccani
- ^ La politica autarchica del fascismo: tra industria e ricerca scientifica, Il Mondo degli Archivi
- ^ Fascismo e Autarchia, Fondazione Micheletti
- ^ 1936 – L'autarchia e i surrogati, Biblioteca SalaBorsa
- ^ Jim Powell, "The Economic Leadership Secrets of Benito Mussolini", Forbes, 22 February 2012
- ^ a b Eugen Weber. The Western Tradition: From the Renaissance to the present. Heath, 1972. Pp. 791.
- ^ Gregor, A. James (1963). "Giovanni Gentile and the Philosophy of the Young Karl Marx". Journal of the History of Ideas. 24 (2): 213–230. doi:10.2307/2707846. ISSN 0022-5037.
- ^ Stanislao G. Pugliese. Fascism, anti-fascism, and the resistance in Italy: 1919 to the present. Oxford, England, UK: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2004. pp. 43–44.
- ^ Stanley G. Payne. A History of Fascism, 1914–45. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. Pp. 214.
- ^ Claudia Lazzaro, Roger J. Crum. "Forging a Visible Fascist Nation: Strategies for Fusing the Past and Present" by Claudia Lazzaro, Donatello Among The Blackshirts: History And Modernity In The Visual Culture Of Fascist Italy. Ithaca, New York, USA: Cornell University Press, 2005. Pp. 13.