This article is about fascism in Europe up to World War II. For fascism in Europe after World War II, see Neo-fascism.
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Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics(1948)
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Fascist movements in Europe were the set of various fascist ideologies which were practiced by governments and political organizations in Europe during the 20th century. Fascism was born in Italy following World War I, and other fascist movements, influenced by Italian Fascism, subsequently emerged across Europe. Among the political doctrines which are identified as ideological origins of fascism in Europe are the combining of a traditional national unity and revolutionary anti-democratic rhetoric which was espoused by the integral nationalist Charles Maurras[1] and the revolutionary syndicalist Georges Sorel.
The earliest foundations of fascism in practice can be seen in the Italian Regency of Carnaro,[2] led by the Italian nationalist Gabriele D'Annunzio, many of whose politics and aesthetics were subsequently used by Benito Mussolini and his Italian Fasces of Combat which Mussolini had founded as the Fasces of Revolutionary Action in 1914. Despite the fact that its members referred to themselves as "fascists", the ideology was based around national syndicalism.[3] The ideology of fascism would not fully develop until 1921, when Mussolini transformed his movement into the National Fascist Party, which then in 1923 incorporated the Italian Nationalist Association. The INA established fascist tropes such as colored shirt uniforms and also received the support of important proto-fascists like D'Annunzio and nationalist intellectual Enrico Corradini.
The first declaration of the political stance of fascism was the Fascist Manifesto, written by national syndicalist Alceste De Ambris and futurist poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti and published in 1919. Many of the policies advanced in the manifesto, such as centralization, abolition of the senate, formation of national councils loyal to the state, expanded military power, and support for militias (Blackshirts, for example) were adopted by Mussolini's regime, while other calls such as universal suffrage and a peaceful foreign policy[4] were abandoned. De Ambris later became a prominent anti-fascist. In 1932, "The Doctrine of Fascism", an essay by Mussolini and Giovanni Gentile, provided an outline of fascism that better represented Mussolini's regime.
^Carroll, David (21 July 1998). French Literary Fascism. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691058467.
^Sternhell, Zeev; Sznajder, Mario; Ashéri, Maia (8 August 1994). The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691044866 – via Internet Archive.
^James Gregor, A. (13 August 2006). Mussolini's Intellectuals. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691127903.
century. Fascism was born in Italy following World War I, and other fascist movements, influenced by Italian Fascism, subsequently emerged across Europe. Among...
of society and the economy. Fascism rose to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I before...
Fascism has a long history in North America, with the earliest movements appearing shortly after the rise of fascisminEurope. Fascist movements in North...
Clerical fascism (also clero-fascism or clerico-fascism) is an ideology that combines the political and economic doctrines of fascism with clericalism...
Italian fascism (Italian: fascismo italiano), also classical fascism and Fascism, is the original fascist ideology, which Giovanni Gentile and Benito Mussolini...
associated with Europe, fascism crossed the Atlantic Ocean in the interwar period and had an influence on South American politics. Italian fascism had a deep...
an elite minority. Fascism has also been connected to the ideals of Plato, though there are key differences between the two. Fascism styled itself as the...
exist. David Baker argues that there is an identifiable economic system infascism that is distinct from those advocated by other ideologies, comprising...
the Rise of FascisminEurope is a 2014 biography of Pope Pius XI about his relations with Benito Mussolini and rise of FascisminEurope by David Kertzer...
British fascism is the form of fascism which is promoted by some political parties and movements in the United Kingdom. It is based on British ultranationalism...
rapprochement with Maoist China in order to oust the Americans from Europe. Although Thiriart publicly disavowed fascism and branded Nazism obsolete, the...
Jewish fascism is a term that applies to Jewish political factions on the far-right wing of the political spectrum that have either actively associated...
Fighting FascisminEurope. The World War II Letters of an American Veteran of the Spanish Civil War is a World War II biography book by Lawrence Cane...
politics Far-right subcultures Fascism and ideology Fascismin Asia FascisminEuropeFascismin North America Fascismin South America Fascist International...
Cheles, Ferguson, and Vaughan, Neo-FascisminEurope, p. 35 Cheles, Ferguson, and Vaughan, Neo-FascisminEurope, p. 36 "NEO‐FASCIST VISIT TO U.S. STIRS...
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students. Europe portal Racism by country Geography of antisemitism#EuropeFascisminEurope Neo-fascism#Europe Neo-Nazism#Analogous European movements...
the Rise of FascisminEurope. New York City: Random House. pp. 196–198. ISBN 978-0-8129-9346-2. Pollard 2014, The Vatican and Italian Fascism, 1929–32:...
definition of fascism and fascist governments has been a complicated and highly disputed subject concerning the exact nature of fascism and its core tenets...
Conservatism portal Politics portal FascisminEurope List of neo-Nazi organizations Programs of political parties in Armenia "Hosank - The Fifteen Pillars"...
from fascisminEurope, and finally the "sorcerers," the scientists at Caltech. The rest of the book explores how different groups wielded power in different...
Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe. Reprinted edition. Oxon, England: Routledge, 1990, 2001. p. 10 Stanley G. Payne. Fascismin Spain, 1923–1977...