Global InformationMuslim Brotherhood information
Society of the Muslim Brothers جماعة الإخوان المسلمين | |
|---|---|
 Muslim Brotherhood logo with the Arabic word for "prepare" present under two crossed swords | |
| Leader | Mohammed Badie |
| Spokesperson | Gehad El-Haddad |
| Founder | Hassan al-Banna |
| Founded | 22 March 1928 Ismailia, Kingdom of Egypt |
| Headquarters | Cairo, Egypt (historical) Unclear (present) |
| Ideology | Pan-Islamism[1] Sunni Islamism[2] Neo-Sufism[3] Qutbism[4][5] Religious conservatism[6] Salafism[7][8] Anti-imperialism[9][10] Social conservatism[11] Anti-Zionism[12] Anti-communism[13] |
| Political position | Right-wing[14][15] |
| Allies | State allies:
Non-state allies:
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| Designated as a terrorist group by | Full organisation:
Affiliated militant groups only:
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| Party flag | |
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| Website | |
| www www | |
The Society of the Muslim Brothers (Arabic: جماعة الإخوان المسلمين Jamāʿat al-Ikhwān al-Muslimīn), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood (الإخوان المسلمون al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn) is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928.[27] Al-Banna's teachings spread far beyond Egypt, influencing today various Islamist movements from charitable organizations to political parties.[28]
Initially, as a Pan-Islamic, religious, and social movement, it preached Islam in Egypt, taught the illiterate, and set up hospitals and business enterprises. It later advanced into the political arena, aiming to end British colonial control of Egypt. The movement's self-stated aim is the establishment of a state ruled by sharia law under a caliphate[29]–its most famous slogan is "Islam is the solution". Charity is a major aspect of its work.[1]
The group spread to other Muslim countries but still has one of its largest organizations in Egypt, despite a succession of government crackdowns from 1948 up until the present.[30] It remained a fringe group in the politics of the Arab World until the 1967 Six-Day War, when Islamism managed to replace popular secular Arab nationalism after a resounding Arab defeat by Israel.[31] The movement was also supported by Saudi Arabia, with which it shared mutual enemies like communism.[32]
The Arab Spring brought it legalization and substantial political power at first, but as of 2013 it has suffered severe reversals.[33] The Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood was legalized in 2011 and won several elections,[34] including the 2012 presidential election when its candidate Mohamed Morsi became Egypt's first president to gain power through an election.[35] A year later, following massive demonstrations and unrest, he was overthrown by the military and placed under house arrest; with a later review finding that the group failed to moderate its views or embrace democratic values during its time in power.[36] The group was then banned in Egypt and declared a terrorist organization. The Persian Gulf monarchies of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates followed suit, driven by the perception that the Brotherhood is a threat to their authoritarian rule.[37][failed verification]
The group's founder accepted the utility of political violence[38] and members of Brotherhood conducted assassinations and attempted assassinations on Egyptian state figures during his lifetime, including Egyptian Prime Minister Mahmud El Nokrashi in 1948.[39] Sayyid Qutb, one of the group's most prominent thinkers, promoted takfirism in Ma'alim fi-l-Tariq (Milestones), a doctrine that permits "the stigmatisation of other Muslims as infidel or apostate, and of existing states as unIslamic, and the use of extreme violence in the pursuit of the perfect Islamic society"; this doctrine continues to inspire many Jihadist movements.[40][41] The group abandoned the use of violence in the 1970s. However, Hamas, a Palestinian militant group that currently controls the Gaza Strip, is an off-shoot of the Brotherhood that continues to use violence. The Brotherhood itself claims to be a peaceful, democratic organization, and that its leader[who?] "condemns violence and violent acts".[42]
In recent times, the primary state backers of the Muslim Brotherhood have been Qatar and the AKP-ruled Turkey.[43] As of 2015, it is considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Bahrain,[44] Egypt,[45] Russia,[46] Syria,[47] Saudi Arabia[48] and the United Arab Emirates.[49]
- ^ a b Ghattas, Kim (9 February 2001). "Profile: Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood". BBC.
- ^ Al Jazeera Staff (18 June 2017). "What is the Muslim Brotherhood?". Al Jazeera.
- ^ R. Halverson, Jeffrey (2010). Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 62, 65. ISBN 978-0-230-10279-8.
Neo-Sufism assumed the basis of a secondary Athari tendency that we find in the thought of Hasan al-Banna and the Muslim Brotherhood... Neo-Sufism... was a major influence on the thought of Hasan al-Banna and the development of the Muslim Brotherhood..
- ^ "Brotherhood Organizational Coups: Qutbism of Thought and Pragmatism of Politics". 30 June 2022.
- ^ "The Muslim Brotherhood's Ties to Extremists".
- ^ El-Sherif, Ashraf (21 October 2014). "The Muslim Brotherhood and the Future of Political Islam in Egypt". Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
- ^ Sageman, Marc (2004). "Chapter 1: The Origins of the Jihad". Understanding Terror Networks. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 7. ISBN 0-8122-3808-7.
- ^ Lenz-Raymann, Kathrin (2014). "Chapter 3: Salafi Isalm: Social Transformation and Political Islam". Securitization of Islam: A Vicious Circle: Counter-Terrorism and Freedom of Religion in Central Asia. United Kingdom: Transcript Verlag. p. 80. ISBN 978-3837629040. JSTOR j.ctv1fxgjp.7.
- ^ Chatterjee, Choi (2018). "10: Islamic Fundamentalism in Critical Perspective". The 20th Century: A Retrospective. New York: Routledge. p. 253. ISBN 978-0-8133-2691-7.
- ^ K. Gani, Jasmine (21 October 2022). "Anti-colonial connectivity between Islamicate movements in the Middle East and South Asia: the Muslim Brotherhood and Jamati Islam". Post Colonial Studies. 26. Routledge: 55–76. doi:10.1080/13688790.2023.2127660. hdl:10023/26238. S2CID 253068552.
- ^ Gould, J. J. (30 June 2013). "Rick Perry and the Muslim Brotherhood: Compare and Contrast - Mona Eltahawy on social conservatism in Egypt and the U.S." The Atlantic.
- ^ Strindberg, Anders; Wärn, Mats (2011), Islamism, Polity, p. 87, ISBN 978-0745640624
- ^ Johnson, Ian (5 February 2011). "Washington's Secret History with the Muslim Brotherhood". The New York Review of Books.
- ^ Youssef, Bassem (1 May 2013). "The Muslim Brotherhood's 'right-wing' politics game". Al Arabiya English.
- ^ Dreyfuss, Robert (11 February 2011). "What Is the Muslim Brotherhood, and Will It Take Over Egypt?". Mother Jones.
- ^ "Iran and Muslim Brotherhood: A Bizarre Alliance of Two Rival Ideologies".
- ^ "Why Turkey Chose Qatar". 25 June 2017.
- ^ Drevon, Haenni, Jerome, Patrick (2021). How Global Jihad Relocalises and Where it Leads: The Case of HTS, the Former AQ Franchise in Syria. I – 50014 San Domenico di Fiesole (FI), Italy: European University Institute. pp. 18, 29–31. ISSN 1028-3625.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Y. Zelin, Aaron (2022). "2: The Development of Political Jihadism". The Age of Political Jihadism: A Study of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham. 1111 19th Street NW, Suite 500, Washington DC 20036, USA: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy. p. 11. ISBN 979-8-9854474-4-6.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) - ^ "عن بنا | وكالة أنباء البحرين".
- ^ "Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood declared 'terrorist group'". BBC News. 25 December 2013.
- ^ "Постановление ГД ФС РФ от 12.02.2003 N 3624-III ГД "О Заявлении Государственной Думы Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации "О пресечении деятельности террористических организаций на территории Российской Федерации"" [Resolution of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of February 12, 2003 N 3624-III of the State Duma "On the Statement of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation "On the suppression of the activities of terrorist organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation"] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 9 August 2011.
- ^ "Saudi Arabia declares Muslim Brotherhood 'terrorist group'". BBC News. 7 March 2014.
- ^ "Assad says 'factors not in place' for Syria peace talks - World News". 22 October 2013.
- ^ "U.A.E. Supports Saudi Arabia Against Qatar-Backed Brotherhood". Bloomberg.com. 9 March 2014.
- ^ "Muslim Brotherhood Gangs (Egypt)". Pro-Government Militia. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
- ^ Kevin Borgeson; Robin Valeri (9 July 2009). Terrorism in America. Jones and Bartlett Learning. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-7637-5524-9. Retrieved 9 December 2012.
- ^ "Is the Muslim Brotherhood a Terrorist Group?". The New York Times. 30 April 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ^ Jenkins, John (2015). Muslim Brotherhood Review: Main Findings. London: British Parliament. p. 1. ISBN 9781474127127.
Hassan al Banna, called for the religious reformation of individual Muslims, the progressive moral purification of Muslim societies and their eventual political unification in a Caliphate under sharia law.
- ^ Rutherford, Bruce (2008). Egypt After Mubarak. Princeton University Press. p. 99.
- ^ "The end of Nasserism: How the 1967 War opened new space for Islamism in the Arab world". Brookings. 5 June 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2019.
- ^ "Saudi and the Brotherhood: From friends to foes". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
- ^ Ibish, Hussein (5 October 2013). "Is this the end of the failed Muslim Brotherhood project?". The National. Retrieved 8 October 2013.
- ^ Wade, Nicholas (30 August 2013). "Egypt: What poll results reveal about Brotherhood's popularity". BBC News.
the Brotherhood won Egypt's five democratic votes,
- ^ "Egypt's new president to pick woman, Christian VPs". CNN. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
- ^ Jenkins, John (2015). Muslim Brotherhood Review: Main Findings. London: British Parliament. p. 2. ISBN 9781474127127.
He concluded that the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood did not do enough to demonstrate political moderation or a commitment to democratic values, had failed to convince Egyptians of their competence or good intentions, and had subsequently struggled to draw lessons for what its failure in Egypt meant for its future.
- ^ "President Morsi Ousted: First Democratically Elected Leader Under House Arrest". ABC News. Retrieved 7 September 2017.
- ^ Jenkins, John (2015). Muslim Brotherhood Review: Main Findings. London: British Parliament. p. 3. ISBN 9781474127127.
Hassan al Banna accepted the political utility of violence, and the Brotherhood conducted attacks, including political assassinations and attempted assassinations against Egyptian state targets and both British and Jewish interests during his lifetime;
- ^ Jabr, Karam (1999). "Two Swords.. with the Qur'an in between!". Arab West Reports. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
- ^ Moussalli, Ahmad S. (2012). "Sayyid Qutb: Founder of Radical Islamic Political Ideology". In Akbarzadeh, Shahram (ed.). Routledge Handbook of Political Islam (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. pp. 24–26. ISBN 9781138577824. LCCN 2011025970.
- ^ Polk, William R. (2018). "The Philosopher of the Muslim Revolt, Sayyid Qutb". Crusade and Jihad: The Thousand-Year War Between the Muslim World and the Global North. The Henry L. Stimson Lectures Series. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 370–380. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1bvnfdq.40. ISBN 978-0-300-22290-6. JSTOR j.ctv1bvnfdq.40. LCCN 2017942543.
- ^ Slocum, Steve (16 July 2019). Why do They Hate Us?: Making Peace with the Muslim World. Top Reads Publishing, LLC. ISBN 9780998683874.
- ^ "Why Turkey Chose Qatar". The National Interest. 25 May 2017.
- ^ "Bahrain backs Saudi Arabia, UAE, Foreign Minister says". Bahrain News Agency. Retrieved 3 November 2014.
- ^ "Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood declared 'terrorist group'". BBC News. 25 December 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
- ^ "Resolution of the State Duma, 2 December 2003 N 3624-III GD "on the Application of the State Duma of the Russian Federation" on the suppression of the activities of terrorist organizations on the territory of the Russian Federation" (in Russian). Consultant Plus. Archived from the original on 1 January 2016.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
SyriaTerrorwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Saudi Arabia declares Muslim Brotherhood 'terrorist group'". BBC News. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 7 March 2014.
- ^ Shahine, Alaa & Carey, Glen (9 March 2014). "U.A.E. Supports Saudi Arabia Against Qatar-Backed Brotherhood". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 9 March 2014.