Multiverse analysis is a scientific method that specifies and then runs a set of plausible alternative models or statistical tests for a single hypothesis.[1] It is a method to address the issue that the "scientific process confronts researchers with a multiplicity of seemingly minor, yet nontrivial, decision points, each of which may introduce variability in research outcomes".[2] A problem also known as Researcher degrees of freedom[3] or as the garden of forking paths. It is a method arising in response to the credibility and replication crisis taking place in science, because it can diagnose the fragility or robustness of a study's findings. Multiverse analyses have been used in the fields of psychology[4] and neuroscience.[5] It is also a form of meta-analysis allowing researchers to provide evidence on how different model specifications impact results for the same hypothesis, and thus can point scientists toward where they might need better theory or causal models.
^Steegen, Sara; Tuerlinckx, Francis; Gelman, Andrew; Vanpaemel, Wolf (September 2016). "Increasing Transparency Through a Multiverse Analysis". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 11 (5): 702–712. doi:10.1177/1745691616658637.
^Breznau, Nate; et al. (28 October 2022). "Observing many researchers using the same data and hypothesis reveals a hidden universe of uncertainty". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 119 (44). doi:10.1073/pnas.2203150119. hdl:2066/285367.
^Wicherts, Jelte M.; Veldkamp, Coosje L. S.; Augusteijn, Hilde E. M.; Bakker, Marjan; van Aert, Robbie C. M.; van Assen, Marcel A. L. M. (2016). "Degrees of Freedom in Planning, Running, Analyzing, and Reporting Psychological Studies: A Checklist to Avoid p-Hacking". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 1832. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01832. PMC 5122713. PMID 27933012.
^Harder, Jenna A. (2020). "The Multiverse of Methods: Extending the Multiverse Analysis to Address Data-Collection Decisions". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 15 (5): 1158–1177. doi:10.1177/1745691620917678. ISSN 1745-6916.
^Clayson, Peter E. (2024-03-01). "Beyond single paradigms, pipelines, and outcomes: Embracing multiverse analyses in psychophysiology". International Journal of Psychophysiology. 197: 112311. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2024.112311. ISSN 0167-8760.
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