Multiculturalism in Canada was officially adopted by the government during the 1970s and 1980s.[1] The Canadian federal government has been described as the instigator of multiculturalism as an ideology because of its public emphasis on the social importance of immigration.[2][3] The 1960s Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism is often referred to as the origin of modern political awareness of multiculturalism,[4] resulting in Canada being one of the most multicultural nations in the world.[5] The official state policy of multiculturalism is often cited as one of Canada's significant accomplishments,[6] and a key distinguishing element of Canadian identity and Canadian values.[7][8][9]
Canadians have used the term "multiculturalism" in different ways: descriptively (as a sociological fact), prescriptively (as ideology) or politically (as policy).[10][11] In the first sense "multiculturalism" is a description of the many different religious traditions and cultural influences that in their unity and coexistence result in a unique Canadian cultural mosaic.[11] The country consists of people from a multitude of racial, religious and cultural backgrounds and is open to cultural pluralism.[12] Canada has experienced different waves of immigration since the 19th century, and by the 1980s almost 40 percent of the population were of neither British nor French origins (the two largest groups, and among the oldest of the non-indigenous).[13] In the past, the relationship between the British and the French has been given a lot of importance in Canada's history. By the early 21st century, people from outside British and French heritage composed the majority of the population, with an increasing percentage of individuals who identify themselves as "visible minorities".
Multiculturalism is reflected with the law through the Canadian Multiculturalism Act of 1988 and section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and is administered by the Department of Canadian Heritage. The Broadcasting Act of 1991 asserts the Canadian broadcasting system should reflect the diversity of cultures in the country. Despite the official policies, a small segment of the Canadian population are critical of the concept(s) of a cultural mosaic and implementation(s) of multiculturalism legislation.[14] Quebec's ideology differs from that of the other provinces in that its official policies focus on interculturalism.[15][16]
^Kobayashi, Audrey (1983), "Multiculturalism: Representing a Canadian Institution", in Duncan, James S; Duncan, Ley (eds.), Place/culture/representation, Routledge, pp. 205–206, ISBN 978-0-415-09451-1
^Azeezat Johnson; Remi Joseph-Salisbury; Beth Kamunge (2018). The Fire Now: Anti-Racist Scholarship in Times of Explicit Racial Violence. Zed Books. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-78699-382-3.
^Wayland, Shara (1997), Immigration, Multiculturalism and National Identity in Canada(PDF), University of Toronto (Department of Political Science), archived from the original (PDF) on July 6, 2011, retrieved September 12, 2010
^Ronald L. Jackson, II (June 29, 2010). Encyclopedia of Identity. SAGE. p. 480. ISBN 978-1-4129-5153-1.
^Divya Sharma (November 29, 2020). Ethics, Ethnocentrism and Social Science Research. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-00-028273-3. Archived from the original on October 27, 2022. Retrieved October 27, 2022.
^Sikka, Sonia (2014). Multiculturalism and Religious Identity: Canada and India. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-7735-9220-9.
^Wayland, Sarah V. (1997). "Immigration, Multiculturalism and National Identity in Canada". International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 5 (1). Brill: 33–58. doi:10.1163/15718119720907408. eISSN 1571-8115. ISSN 1385-4879. JSTOR 24674516. Archived from the original on November 14, 2022. Retrieved November 14, 2022.
^Johnson, Azeezat; Joseph-Salisbury, Remi; Kamunge, Beth (2018). The Fire Now: Anti-Racist Scholarship in Times of Explicit Racial Violence. Zed Books. p. 148. ISBN 978-1-78699-382-3.
^Caplow, Theodore (2001). Leviathan Transformed: Seven National States in the New Century. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-7735-2304-3.
^"Current Publications: Social affairs and population: Canadian Multiculturalism". lop.parl.ca. Archived from the original on June 27, 2018. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
^ abMichael Dewing (2013). Canadian Multiculturalism(PDF). Vol. Publication No. 2009-20-E Library of Parliament. Legal and Social Affairs Division Parliamentary Information and Research Service. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 23, 2013. Retrieved September 11, 2013.
^Bernardo Berdichewsky (2007). Latin Americans Integration Into Canadian Society onB C. The Canadian Association for Latin American and Caribbean Studies. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-9784152-0-4.
^Troper, H. (1980). Multiculturalism Archived March 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Multicultural Canada. Retrieved March 28, 2012
^Charmaine Nelson; Camille Antoinette Nelson (2004). Racism, Eh?: a critical inter-disciplinary anthology of race and racism in Canada. Captus Press. p. 445. ISBN 978-1-55322-061-9.
^"Interculturalism". The Canadian Encyclopedia. June 22, 2021. Archived from the original on March 13, 2023. Retrieved March 13, 2023.
^Jill Vickers; Annette Isaac (2012). The Politics of Race: Canada, the United States, and Australia. University of Toronto Press – Carleton University Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-1-4426-1131-3.
and 28 Related for: Multiculturalism in Canada information
MulticulturalisminCanada was officially adopted by the government during the 1970s and 1980s. The Canadian federal government has been described as the...
Machine Multiculturalism – Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Multiculturalism – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy MulticulturalisminCanada debated...
in the world to adopt multiculturalism as an official policy." One result of this policy statement was the CanadianMulticulturalism Act of 1985. In 1982...
Criticism of multiculturalism questions the ideal of the maintenance of distinct ethnic cultures within a country. Multiculturalism is a particular subject...
Retrieved April 16, 2023. Adams, Michael (March 2007). "Muslims and MulticulturalisminCanada" (PDF). Environics Institute. Archived from the original (PDF)...
Multiculturalismin Australia is today reflected by the multicultural composition of its people, its immigration policies, its prohibition on discrimination...
Multicultural media inCanada, also referred to as “ethnic media” or “third media” (as it may use languages other than Canada's two official languages...
environicsinstitute.org/PDF-MuslimsandMulticulturalisminCanada-LiftingtheVeil.pdf – Muslims and MulticulturalisminCanada. March 2007. Retrieved March 26, 2011. Archived...
Multicultural Toronto English (MTE) is a multi-ethnic dialect of Canadian English used in the Greater Toronto Area, particularly among young non-white...
immigration. Multiculturalism is administered by the Department of Citizenship and Immigration and reflected in the law through the CanadianMulticulturalism Act...
Minister of Multiculturalism and Citizenship was an office in the Cabinet of Canada from 1991 to 1996 and from 2013 and 2015. It was superseded in 1996 and...
concern to the courts. Canada since the 1960s has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all people. MulticulturalisminCanada was adopted as the...
central Canada, with the National Energy Program creating considerable antagonism and growing western alienation. MulticulturalisminCanada was adopted...
from diverse backgrounds, adding to the theme of multiculturalism to the debate. In defining a Canadian identity, some distinctive characteristics that...
Census Canada 2011 Census Canada 2016 Census Demographics of Canada Immigration to CanadaCanada immigration statistics MulticulturalisminCanada Population...
that operates at arm's length from the government. In late 2008, the multiculturalism section of Canadian Heritage was transferred to the Department of Citizenship...
cultural and linguistic minorities inCanada, such as Francophones, and advocates of bilingualism and multiculturalisminCanada, though it opposes distinct...
Since confederation in 1867 through to the contemporary era, decadal and demi-decadal census reports inCanada have compiled detailed immigration statistics...
Lusotropicalism More Irish than the Irish themselves MulticulturalisminCanadaMulticultural media inCanada Nation-building Race of the future Racial integration...
initiatives to promote multiculturalisminCanada. The Reform Party differed greatly with other major federal political parties in regards to national unity...
collective responsibility inCanadian political culture, as is demonstrated in general support for universal health care, multiculturalism, evolution, gun control...
large Ukrainian Canadian and other European communities. In 1973 the government formed the Canadian Consultative Council on Multiculturalism (CCCM) to consult...
Superman (1978) Watson Kirkconnell - Canadian poet, literary translator, and father of multiculturalisminCanada. Robert William Service – Writer, Author...
1930s Third Force, a term referring to Canadians of neither British or French descent; see MulticulturalisminCanada § Incipient stage (pre-1971) Third Force...
Global Information
