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Moro conflict information


This article is about the post-colonial-era insurgency. For the conflict with the United States of 1899–1913, see Moro Rebellion. For the pre-1899 conflict, see Spanish–Moro conflict. For the series of attacks over Sabah, see Cross border attacks in Sabah.
Not to be confused with Kidnapping of Aldo Moro.

Moro conflict
Part of the insurgency in the Philippines, War on terror, North Borneo dispute and War against the Islamic State

Map of the Philippines showing the still majority Moro Muslim areas in Mindanao
DateMarch 18, 1968[29] – February 22, 2019 (50 years, 11 months and 4 days)
Location
Mindanao, Philippines
Result

Peace agreements declared between the Government and the MILF/MNLF

  • Cessation of hostilities with the MNLF and MILF
  • Operation Enduring Freedom ended on 23 October 2017[30] dealing a heavy blow to jihadist forces, reducing their numbers significantly[31] and recapturing all their territory
  • Bangsamoro Transition Authority (BTA) established on February 22, 2019, to govern the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao until 2025[32]
Territorial
changes		 The Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao was officially ratified on February 22, 2019, and replaced the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao[32]
Belligerents

Moro conflict Philippines
Supported by:
Moro conflict United States (advisors)[1]
Moro conflict Australia[2][3]
Moro conflict Indonesia[4][5]
Moro conflict Malaysia (since 2001)[4][6][7][8]
Moro conflict Russia[9]

International Monitoring Team (IMT)

  • Moro conflict Brunei
  • Moro conflict Indonesia
  • Moro conflict Japan
  • Moro conflict Libya
  • Moro conflict Malaysia
  • Moro conflict Norway
  • Moro conflict European Union

Bangsamoro:
Moro conflict MNLF (until 1996)[10]
Moro conflict MILF (until 2014)

Former support:
Moro conflict Libya (until 2011)[11][12][13][14][15][16]
Moro conflict Malaysia (until 2001)[17][18][19]

Moro conflict NDFP

  • Moro conflict MRLO
 Jihadist groups:
Moro conflict BIFF
Moro conflict ASG (1991–2024)[20][21][22]
Moro conflict Maute group (2013–2017)[23][24][25]
Moro conflict AKP (2014–c. 2021)
Moro conflict KIM (2011–2013)[26]
Moro conflict Rajah Sulaiman Movement (1991–2005)[27][28]
Commanders and leaders
Moro conflict Ferdinand Marcos #
(1968–1986)
Moro conflict Corazon Aquino #
(1986–1992)
Moro conflict Fidel Ramos #
(1992–1998)
Moro conflict Joseph Estrada
(1998–2001)
Moro conflict Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
(2001–2010)
Moro conflict Benigno Aquino #
(2010–2016)
Moro conflict Rodrigo Duterte
(2016–2019)		 Moro conflict Nur Misuari (1972–1996)
Moro conflict Habier Malik †
Moro conflict Muslimin Sema (1972–1996)
Moro conflict Habib Mujahab Hashim # (1972–1996)
Moro conflict Abul Khayr Alonto # (1972–1996)
Moro conflict Murad Ebrahim (1977–2014)
Moro conflict Hashim Salamat # (1977–2003)
Former support:
Moro conflict Anwar Sadat X[33]
Moro conflict Muammar Gaddafi X
Moro conflict Mustapha Harun #[34][35]		 Moro conflict Radullan Sahiron
Moro conflict Khadaffy Janjalani †
Moro conflict Galib Andang †
Moro conflict Ameril Umbra Kato #
Moro conflict Mohammad Jaafar Maguid †
Moro conflict Isnilon Hapilon †
Moro conflict Omar Maute †
Moro conflict Abdullah Maute †
Moro conflict Ahmed Santos (POW)
Strength
Moro conflict 125,000–130,000[36] Moro conflict 11,000 (2012)[36] Unspecified
Casualties and losses
Total killed:
c. 100,000

The Moro conflict[37] was an insurgency in the Mindanao region of the Philippines which involved multiple armed groups.[29] Peace deals have been signed between the Philippine government and two major armed groups, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)[38] and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF),[39] but other smaller armed groups continue to exist. In 2017, the peace council settled around 138 clan conflicts.[40]

The root cause of the Moro conflict is associated in a long history of resistance by the Bangsamoro people against foreign rule, including the American annexation of the Philippines in 1898; Moro resistance against the Philippine government has persisted ever since.[37] During the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos, political tensions and open hostilities developed between the Philippine government and Moro rebel groups.[41] The Moro insurgency was triggered[42] by the purported Jabidah massacre on March 18, 1968, during which 60 Filipino Muslim commandos on a planned operation to reclaim the eastern part of the Malaysian state of Sabah were said to have been killed. As retaliation against the Philippine government's failed attempt at reclaiming Sabah, the Malaysian government supported and funded the rebels which devastated the southern Philippines, until support ceased in 2001.[43]

Various organizations pushing for Moro self-determination, either through autonomy or independence, were almost immediately formed in response.[44][45] Although these generally did not last long until University of the Philippines professor Nur Misuari established the Moro National Liberation Front, an armed insurgent group committed to establishing an independent Mindanao, in 1972. In the following years, the MNLF splintered into several different groups including the Moro Islamic Liberation Front founded by Hashim Salamat, which sought to establish an Islamic state within the Philippines.[citation needed] When the MILF modified its demands from independence to autonomy in the late 2008, a faction led by Ameril Umbra Kato disagreed, eventually forming the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) in 2010.[46][47]

Casualty statistics vary for the conflict, though the conservative estimates of the Uppsala Conflict Data Program indicate that at least 6,015 people were killed in armed conflict between the government of the Philippines and the Abu Sayyaf (ASG), BIFF, MILF, and MNLF factions between 1989 and 2012.[48]

  1. ^ "Defense.gov News Article: Trainers, Advisors Help Philippines Fight Terrorism". Archived from the original on July 14, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  2. ^ Philippines to be a key recipient of Australia's New Regional Counter-Terrorism Package – Australian Embassy (archived from the original Archived March 20, 2012, at the Wayback Machine on September 1, 2007)
  3. ^ Wroe, David (June 22, 2017). "RAAF spy planes to join fight against Islamic State in the Philippines". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on June 23, 2017. Retrieved June 23, 2017.
  4. ^ a b Malcolm Cook (March 17, 2014). "Peace's Best Chance in Muslim Mindanao" (PDF). Perspective. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies: 7. ISSN 2335-6677. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 18, 2015. Retrieved September 15, 2014.
  5. ^ Anak Agung Banyu Perwita (2007). Indonesia and the Muslim World: Islam and Secularism in the Foreign Policy of Soeharto and Beyond. NIAS Press. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-87-91114-92-2. Archived from the original on May 7, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  6. ^ "Nur Misuari to be repatriated to stand trial". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. December 20, 2001. Archived from the original on July 5, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
  7. ^ Soliman M. Santos (2003). Malaysia's Role in the Peace Negotiations Between the Philippine Government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. Southeast Asian Conflict Studies Network. ISBN 978-983-2514-38-1. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  8. ^ "Malaysia asks PHL for help in tracking militants with Abu Sayyaf ties". GMA-News. July 6, 2014. Archived from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 8, 2014.
  9. ^ "Russia commits support for Philippine counterterrorism efforts". The Philippine Star. February 2, 2019. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  10. ^ Ivan Molloy (1985). "Revolution in the Philippines – The Question of an Alliance Between Islam and Communism". Asian Survey. 25 (8). University of California: 822–833. doi:10.2307/2644112. JSTOR 2644112.
  11. ^ "Philippine Moros miss Gaddafi's support". YouTube. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved April 1, 2021.
  12. ^ "Khadafy admits aiding Muslim seccesionists". Philippine Daily Inquirer. August 5, 1986. p. 2.
  13. ^ Paul J. Smith (September 21, 2004). Terrorism and Violence in Southeast Asia: Transnational Challenges to States and Regional Stability. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 194–. ISBN 978-0-7656-3626-3. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  14. ^ William Larousse (January 1, 2001). A Local Church Living for Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Relations in Mindanao-Sulu, Philippines : 1965–2000. Gregorian Biblical BookShop. pp. 151 & 162. ISBN 978-88-7652-879-8. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  15. ^ Michelle Ann Miller (2012). Autonomy and Armed Separatism in South and Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 291–. ISBN 978-981-4379-97-7. Archived from the original on January 16, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  16. ^ Moshe Yegar (2002). Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar. Lexington Books. pp. 256–. ISBN 978-0-7391-0356-2. Archived from the original on December 26, 2018. Retrieved September 16, 2016.
  17. ^ Tan, Andrew T/H. (2009). A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 230, 238. ISBN 978-1847207180.
  18. ^ Isak Svensson (November 27, 2014). International Mediation Bias and Peacemaking: Taking Sides in Civil Wars. Routledge. pp. 69–. ISBN 978-1-135-10544-0. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  19. ^ "Philippines rebel leader arrested". BBC News. November 25, 2001. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015. Malaysia's Inspector-General of Police Norian Mai said Mr Misuari and six of his followers were arrested at 3.30 am on Saturday (1930 GMT Friday) on Jampiras island off Sabah state. Manila had ordered his arrest on charges of instigating a rebellion after the government suspended his governorship of an autonomous Muslim region in Mindanao, the ARMM. Although the Philippines has no extradition treaty with Malaysia, the authorities have already made clear that they intend to hand Mr Misuari over to the authorities in Manila as soon as possible. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad had said before the arrest that, although his country had provided support to the rebel group in the past in its bid for autonomy, Mr Misuari had not used his powers correctly. "Therefore, we no longer feel responsible to provide him with any assistance," he said.
  20. ^ Mendoza, John Eric (March 22, 2024). "Abu Sayyaf now 'dismantled' after over 30 years – Westmincom chief". Inquirer.net. Retrieved March 23, 2024.
  21. ^ David Von Drehle (February 26, 2015). "What Comes After the War on ISIS". TIME.com. Archived from the original on June 25, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference ISIL gains supporters was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ "Islamic freedom fighters, Abu Sayyaf next after Maute 'wipeout' – defense chief". The Manila Times. October 24, 2017. Archived from the original on October 24, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
  24. ^ "3 soldiers killed, 11 hurt in Lanao del Sur clash". philstar.com. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  25. ^ Umel, Richel (February 24, 2016). "Army reports killing 20 'terrorists' in clashes with Lanao Sur armed group". globalnation.inquirer.net. Archived from the original on May 29, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  26. ^ Kristine Angeli Sabillo (August 9, 2013). "New al-Qaeda-inspired group eyed in Mindanao blasts—terror expert". Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved June 29, 2015.
  27. ^ Philippines arrests key militants Archived June 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine – BBC.com
  28. ^ Cochrane, Joe (May 2006). "Ticking Time Bombs". Newsweek International. MSN. Archived from the original on September 20, 2006.
  29. ^ a b Gross, Max L. (2007). A Muslim Archipelago: Islam and Politics in Southeast Asia. United States Department of Defense. ISBN 9781932946192.
  30. ^ "U.S. Officially Ends Special Operations Task Force in the Philippines, Some Advisors May Remain". February 27, 2015. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
  31. ^ "Abu Sayyaf a threat no more". April 5, 2023. Archived from the original on April 26, 2023. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
  32. ^ a b "PRRD: BARMM 'realization' of Moro dreams and end armed struggle | PTV News". Archived from the original on March 2, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  33. ^ Moshe Yegar (January 1, 2002). Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar. Lexington Books. pp. 258–. ISBN 978-0-7391-0356-2. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  34. ^ Andrew Tian Huat Tan (January 1, 2004). Security Perspectives of the Malay Archipelago: Security Linkages in the Second Front in the War on Terrorism. Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-84376-997-2. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2015.
  35. ^ Shanti Nair (January 11, 2013). Islam in Malaysian Foreign Policy. Routledge. pp. 67–. ISBN 978-1-134-96099-6. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2015. Mustapha was directly implicated in the provision of training facilities for separatist Moro guerrillas as well harbouring Moro Muslim refugees in Sabah due to his ethnic connection.
  36. ^ a b Lisa Huang; Victor Musembi; Ljiljana Petronic (June 21, 2012). "The State-Moro Conflict in the Philippines" (PDF). Carleton. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 29, 2015. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
  37. ^ a b Gutierrez, Eric; Borras, Saturnino Jr (July 20, 2004). Moro Conflict: Landlessness and Misdirected State Policies. East-West Center Washington. ISBN 978-1932728149.
  38. ^ Cite error: The named reference Timeline was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ Cite error: The named reference PhilippinePeaceBreaktrhough2014 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  40. ^ "Ending Philippines clan wars crucial to sustaining peace – DW – 02/06/2023". dw.com. Archived from the original on March 24, 2023. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
  41. ^ "The CenSEI Report (Vol. 2, No. 13, April 2–8, 2012)". Archived from the original on January 24, 2016. Retrieved January 26, 2015.
  42. ^ Antonio, Nicolas Basilio (April 10, 2021). "The Moro Story During Martial Law". The Philippine Collegian. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  43. ^ "Philippines rebel leader arrested". BBC News. November 25, 2001. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015. Malaysia's Inspector-General of Police Norian Mai said Mr Misuari and six of his followers were arrested at 3.30 am on Saturday (1930 GMT Friday) on Jampiras island off Sabah state. Manila had ordered his arrest on charges of instigating a rebellion after the government suspended his governorship of an autonomous Muslim region in Mindanao, the ARMM. Although the Philippines has no extradition treaty with Malaysia, the authorities have already made clear that they intend to hand Mr Misuari over to the authorities in Manila as soon as possible. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad had said before the arrest that, although his country had provided support to the rebel group in the past in its bid for autonomy, Mr Misuari had not used his powers correctly. "Therefore, we no longer feel responsible to provide him with any assistance," he said.
  44. ^ Cite error: The named reference RevoltinMindanao: was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  45. ^ Cite error: The named reference BetweenIntegrationandSecession was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  46. ^ "Is BIFF the MILF's 'BFF'?". Philippine Daily Inquirer. February 1, 2015. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
  47. ^ "BIFF, Abu Sayyaf pledge allegiance to Islamic State jihadists". GMA News Online. August 16, 2014. Archived from the original on January 28, 2015. Retrieved August 22, 2014.
  48. ^ "Database – Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) – Philippines". Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Archived from the original on June 3, 2013. Retrieved March 8, 2015.

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