The monarch butterfly or simply monarch (Danaus plexippus) is a milkweed butterfly (subfamily Danainae) in the family Nymphalidae.[6] Other common names, depending on region, include milkweed, common tiger, wanderer, and black-veined brown.[7] It is among the most familiar of North American butterflies and an iconic pollinator,[8] although it is not an especially effective pollinator of milkweeds.[9][10] Its wings feature an easily recognizable black, orange, and white pattern, with a wingspan of 8.9–10.2 cm (3.5–4.0 in).[11] A Müllerian mimic, the viceroy butterfly, is similar in color and pattern, but is markedly smaller and has an extra black stripe across each hindwing.
The eastern North American monarch population is notable for its annual southward late-summer/autumn instinctive migration from the northern and central United States and southern Canada to Florida and Mexico.[6] During the fall migration, monarchs cover thousands of miles, with a corresponding multigenerational return north in spring. The western North American population of monarchs west of the Rocky Mountains often migrates to sites in southern California, but individuals have been found in overwintering Mexican sites, as well.[12][13] In 2009, monarchs were reared on the International Space Station, successfully emerging from pupae located in the station's Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus.[14][15]
^Walker, A.; Thogmartin, W. E.; Oberhauser, K. S.; Pelton, E. M.; Pleasants, J. M. (2022). "Danaus plexippus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2022: e.T159971A806727. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T159971A806727.en. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
^"Migratory Monarch Butterfly". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
^Cite error: The named reference RoyEntSoc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Scudder was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Moore (1883). "Anosia plexippus". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London: 234–235. (Cited in Scudder, Samuel Hubbard; Davis, William M.; Woodworth, Charles W.; Howard, Leland O.; Riley, Charles V.; Williston, Samuel (1889). The Butterflies of the Eastern United States and Canada: With Special Reference to New England: Anosia plexippus - The Monarch. Vol. 1. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The author. p. 720. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.9161. ISBN 978-0-665-26322-4. LCCN 06021638. OCLC 2604754. Retrieved December 27, 2023 – via HathiTrust.)
^ abAgrawal, Anurag (March 7, 2017). Monarchs and Milkweed: A Migrating Butterfly, a Poisonous Plant, and Their Remarkable Story of Coevolution. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400884766.
^Cite error: The named reference nic.funet.fi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Conserving Monarch Butterflies and their Habitats". USDA. 2015.
^Jones, Patricia L.; Agrawal, Anurag A. (2016). "Consequences of toxic secondary compounds in nectar for mutualist bees and antagonist butterflies". Ecology. 97 (10): 2570–2579. Bibcode:2016Ecol...97.2570J. doi:10.1002/ecy.1483. hdl:1813/66741. ISSN 1939-9170. PMID 27859127.
^MacIvor, James Scott; Roberto, Adriano N.; Sodhi, Darwin S.; Onuferko, Thomas M.; Cadotte, Marc W. (2017). "Honey bees are the dominant diurnal pollinator of native milkweed in a large urban park". Ecology and Evolution. 7 (20): 8456–8462. Bibcode:2017EcoEv...7.8456M. doi:10.1002/ece3.3394. ISSN 2045-7758. PMC 5648680. PMID 29075462.
^Cite error: The named reference Garber was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Groth was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference JointVenture was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Butterflies Emerge from Cocoons Aboard Station". NASA. 2009. Archived from the original on December 15, 2009.
^"First Monarch butterflies in space take flight". NBC News. December 9, 2009. Retrieved November 12, 2023.
The monarchbutterfly or simply monarch (Danaus plexippus) is a milkweed butterfly (subfamily Danainae) in the family Nymphalidae. Other common names,...
Monarchbutterfly migration is the phenomenon, mainly across North America, where the subspecies Danaus plexippus plexippus migrates each summer and autumn...
The MonarchButterfly Biosphere Reserve (Spanish: Reserva de Biosfera de la Mariposa Monarca) is a World Heritage Site containing most of the overwintering...
Butterflies are often polymorphic, and many species make use of camouflage, mimicry, and aposematism to evade their predators. Some, like the monarch...
Mena Massoud. Based on the real-life migration of monarchbutterflies, the plot follows an young butterfly named Patrick who goes on a adventure over North...
While butterflies like the painted lady (Vanessa cardui) are known to consume over 200 plants as caterpillars, other species like the monarch (Danaus...
or from them (e.g. their nectar). The most notable of them is the monarchbutterfly, which uses and requires certain milkweeds as host plants for their...
The ButterflyMonarch is an American autogyro, designed and produced by The Butterfly LLC of Aurora, Texas. The aircraft is supplied as a kit for amateur...
rough leaves and trichomes, it is not a preferred host plant of the monarchbutterfly but caterpillars can be reared on it successfully. Further, it is...
the monarchbutterfly (Danaus plexippus), the queen (Danaus gilippus), the tropical milkweed butterfly (Lycorea cleobaea), and the soldier butterfly (or...
adult butterflies live only one to two weeks, during which time they must produce a new generation. Some species, such as the familiar monarchbutterfly, however...
the monarchbutterfly which migrates from southern Canada to wintering sites in central Mexico. In late winter/early spring, the adult monarchs leave...
limenitidine viceroy butterfly in relation to the inedible danaine monarch. The viceroy is, in fact, more toxic than the monarch and this resemblance...
decline of the monarchbutterfly. In 2018 the CEO of the National Wildlife Federation stated that the population of the monarchbutterfly is now down 90...
patterns of monarchbutterflies when used in gardens outside of its native tropical range. Though public concern for the rapidly declining monarch population...
distinctive follicles. Monarch Watch provides information on rearing monarchs and their host plants. Efforts to increase monarchbutterfly populations by establishing...
milkweed along roads and fields may have contributed to a decline in monarchbutterfly populations in the Midwestern United States. Along with deforestation...
brightly coloured and include popular species such as the emperors, monarchbutterfly, admirals, tortoiseshells, and fritillaries. However, the under wings...
insect. For example, the pupal stage lasts eight to fifteen days in monarchbutterflies. The pupa may enter dormancy or diapause until the appropriate season...
neogregarine protozoan parasite that infects monarch (Danaus plexippus) and queen (Danaus gilippus) butterflies. There are no other known hosts. The species...
Urquhart's nearly 40-year-long scientific investigation into the monarchbutterfly (Danaus plexippus), tracking the details of what is considered one...
experiment on the monarch butterfly, it was shown that a magnet changed the direction of initial flight of migrating monarchbutterflies. However this result...
fringewing" – which is today also used for the introduced monarchbutterfly. The Kamehameha butterfly was named the state insect of Hawaii in 2009, due to...
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