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Symmetry elements of formaldehyde. C2 is a two-fold rotation axis. σv and σv' are two non-equivalent reflection planes.
In chemistry, molecular symmetry describes the symmetry present in molecules and the classification of these molecules according to their symmetry. Molecular symmetry is a fundamental concept in chemistry, as it can be used to predict or explain many of a molecule's chemical properties, such as whether or not it has a dipole moment, as well as its allowed spectroscopic transitions. To do this it is necessary to use group theory. This involves classifying the states of the molecule using the irreducible representations
from the character table of the symmetry group of the molecule. Symmetry is useful in the study of molecular orbitals, with applications to the Hückel method, to ligand field theory, and to the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. Many university level textbooks on physical chemistry, quantum chemistry, spectroscopy and inorganic chemistry discuss symmetry.[1][2][3][4][5][6] Another framework on a larger scale is the use of crystal systems to describe crystallographic symmetry in bulk materials.
There are many techniques for determining the symmetry of a given molecule, including X-ray crystallography and various forms of spectroscopy. Spectroscopic notation is based on symmetry considerations.
^Quantum Chemistry, 3rd ed. John P. Lowe, Kirk Peterson ISBN 0-12-457551-X
^Physical Chemistry: A Molecular Approach by Donald A. McQuarrie, John D. Simon ISBN 0-935702-99-7
^The chemical bond, 2nd ed. J.N. Murrell, S.F.A. Kettle, J.M. Tedder ISBN 0-471-90760-X
^Physical Chemistry, 8th ed. P.W. Atkins and J. de Paula, W.H. Freeman, 2006 ISBN 0-7167-8759-8, chap.12
^G. L. Miessler and D. A. Tarr Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd ed. Pearson, Prentice Hall, 1998 ISBN 0-13-841891-8, chap.4.
^Molecular Symmetry and Spectroscopy,
2nd ed. Philip R. Bunker and Per Jensen, NRC Research Press,
Ottawa (1998)[1]ISBN 9780660196282
and 26 Related for: Molecular symmetry information
chemistry, molecularsymmetry describes the symmetry present in molecules and the classification of these molecules according to their symmetry. Molecular symmetry...
that molecular orbitals form bases for the irreducible representations of the molecule's symmetry group holds. The symmetry properties of molecular orbitals...
representation of the molecularsymmetry group. Using symmetry adapted linear combinations, or SALCs, molecular orbitals of the correct symmetry can be formed...
Molecularsymmetry in physics and chemistry describes the symmetry present in molecules and the classification of molecules according to their symmetry...
classified either as point symmetry operations or as travel symmetry operations. In the context of molecularsymmetry, a symmetry operation is a permutation...
In group theory, the symmetry group of a geometric object is the group of all transformations under which the object is invariant, endowed with the group...
Molecular geometry is the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms that constitute a molecule. It includes the general shape of the molecule as well...
Symmetry in biology refers to the symmetry observed in organisms, including plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. External symmetry can be easily seen...
construct in chemistry is molecularsymmetry, as embodied in Group theory. Inorganic compounds display a particularly diverse symmetries, so it is logical that...
common molecular point groups used in the study of molecularsymmetry. These tables are based on the group-theoretical treatment of the symmetry operations...
Water (H 2O) is a simple triatomic bent molecule with C2v molecularsymmetry and bond angle of 104.5° between the central oxygen atom and the hydrogen...
as sawhorse) is a type of molecular geometry where there are four bonds to a central atom with overall C2v molecularsymmetry. The name "seesaw" comes...
of a hyperbola Optical axis The highest-order symmetry axis of a molecule, based on its molecularsymmetry This disambiguation page lists articles associated...
orbital symmetries are not σ or π but depend on the symmetry of each molecule. Water (H 2O) is a bent molecule (105°) with C2v molecularsymmetry. The possible...
orbital letters Principal quantum number Term symbol X-ray notation Molecularsymmetry p. 92, Guide to the Sun, Kenneth J. H. Phillips, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge...
rule of mutual exclusion in molecular spectroscopy relates the observation of molecular vibrations to molecularsymmetry. It states that no normal modes...
linear transformation. It is used as a symmetry operation in the context of geometric symmetry, molecularsymmetry and crystallography, where an object...
Carnelley's rule, established in 1882 by Thomas Carnelley, states that high molecularsymmetry is associated with high melting point. Carnelley based his rule on...
quaternary carbon, and has achiral tetrahedral symmetry. It is one of the three structural isomers with the molecular formula C5H12 (pentanes), the other two...
anti-bonding) molecular orbitals In molecularsymmetry terms, the six lone-pair orbitals from the ligands (one from each ligand) form six symmetry-adapted linear...
correspond to any exact symmetry of the electronic molecular Hamiltonian. In the case of less symmetric molecules the molecular term symbol contains the...
spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy), and to construct molecular orbitals. Molecularsymmetry is responsible for many physical and spectroscopic properties...
describe the symmetries of a molecule and of molecular orbitals forming covalent bonds, and in this context they are also called molecular point groups...
the symmetry number corrects for any overcounting of equivalent molecular conformations in the partition function. In this sense, the symmetry number...
Symmetry (from Ancient Greek συμμετρία (summetría) 'agreement in dimensions, due proportion, arrangement') in everyday life refers to a sense of harmonious...
oxocarbon). The possible isomers of carbon trioxide include ones with molecularsymmetry point groups Cs, D3h, and C2v. The C2v state, consisting of a dioxirane...
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