Render of the word "shalom" in Modern Hebrew, including vowel diacritics
Region
Southern Levant
Ethnicity
Israeli Jews
Native speakers
9 million (2014)[1][2][3]
L1: 5 million
L2: 4 million
Language family
Afro-Asiatic
Semitic
West Semitic
Central Semitic
Northwest Semitic
Canaanite
Hebrew
Modern Hebrew
Early forms
Biblical Hebrew
Mishnaic Hebrew
Medieval Hebrew
Writing system
Hebrew alphabet Hebrew Braille
Signed forms
Signed Hebrew (national form)[4]
Official status
Official language in
Israel
Regulated by
Academy of the Hebrew Language
Language codes
ISO 639-1
he
ISO 639-2
heb
ISO 639-3
heb
Glottolog
hebr1245
Hebrew-speaking world:[5][6]
>50% of the population speaks Hebrew
25–50% of the population speaks Hebrew
<25% of the population speaks Hebrew
This article contains Hebrew text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hebrew letters.
Modern Hebrew (עִבְרִית חֲדָשָׁהʿĪvrīt ḥadašá[ivˈʁitχadaˈʃa]), also called Israeli Hebrew or simply Hebrew, is the standard form of the Hebrew language spoken today. Developed as part of Hebrew's revival in the late 19th century and early 20th century, it is the official language of the State of Israel, and the world's only Canaanite language in use. Coinciding with the creation of the state of Israel, where it is the national language, Modern Hebrew is the only successful instance of a complete language revival.[7][8][9]
Hebrew, a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family, was spoken since antiquity and the vernacular of the Jewish people until the 3rd century BCE, when it was supplanted by Western Aramaic, a dialect of the Aramaic language, the local or dominant languages of the regions Jews migrated to, and later Judeo-Arabic, Judaeo-Spanish, Yiddish, and other Jewish languages. Although Hebrew continued to be used for Jewish liturgy, poetry and literature, and written correspondence,[10] it became extinct as a spoken language.
By the late 19th century, Russian-Jewish linguist Eliezer Ben-Yehuda had begun a popular movement to revive Hebrew as a living language, motivated by his desire to preserve Hebrew literature and a distinct Jewish nationality in the context of Zionism.[11][12][13] Soon after, a large number of Yiddish and Judaeo-Spanish speakers were murdered in the Holocaust[14] or fled to Israel, and many speakers of Judeo-Arabic emigrated to Israel in the Jewish exodus from the Muslim world, where many adapted to Modern Hebrew.
Currently, Hebrew is spoken by approximately 9–10 million people, counting native, fluent, and non-fluent speakers.[15][16] Half of this figure comprises Israelis who speak it as their native language, while the other half is split: 1.5 million are immigrants to Israel; 1.5 million are Israeli Arabs, whose first language is usually Arabic; and half a million are expatriate Israelis or diaspora Jews.
Under Israeli law, the organization that officially directs the development of Modern Hebrew is the Academy of the Hebrew Language, headquartered at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
^"Hebrew". UCLA Language Materials Project. University of California. Archived from the original on 11 March 2011. Retrieved 1 May 2017.
^Dekel 2014
^"Hebrew". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 14 May 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
^Meir & Sandler, 2013, A Language in Space: The Story of x Sign Language
^אוכלוסייה, לפי קבוצת אוכלוסייה, דת, גיל ומין, מחוז ונפה [Population, by Population Group, Religion, age and sex, district and sub-district] (PDF) (in Hebrew). Central Bureau of Statistics. 6 September 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 May 2018. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
^"The Arab Population in Israel" (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics. November 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
^Grenoble, Leonore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (2005). Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0521016520. Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'
^Huehnergard, John; Pat-El, Na'ama (2019). The Semitic Languages. Routledge. p. 571. ISBN 9780429655388. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
^Grenoble, Leonore A.; Whaley, Lindsay J. (2005). Saving Languages: An Introduction to Language Revitalization. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 63. ISBN 978-0521016520. Hebrew is cited by Paulston et al. (1993:276) as 'the only true example of language revival.'
^Schwarzwald, Ora (Rodrigue) (2012). "Modern Hebrew". In Weninger, Stefan; Khan, Geoffrey; Streck, Michael P.; Watson, Janet C. E. (eds.). The Semitic Languages: An International Handbook. De Gruyter. p. 534. doi:10.1515/9783110251586.523. ISBN 978-3-11-025158-6.
^Mandel, George (2005). "Ben-Yehuda, Eliezer [Eliezer Yizhak Perelman] (1858–1922)". Encyclopedia of modern Jewish culture. Glenda Abramson ([New ed.] ed.). London. ISBN 0-415-29813-X. OCLC 57470923. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023. In 1879 he wrote an article for the Hebrew press advocating Jewish immigration to Palestine. Ben-Yehuda argued that only in a country with a Jewish majority could a living Hebrew literature and a distinct Jewish nationality survive; elsewhere, the pressure to assimilate to the language of the majority would cause Hebrew to die out. Shortly afterwards he reached the conclusion that the active use of Hebrew as a literary language could not be sustained, notwithstanding the hoped-for concentration of Jews in Palestine, unless Hebrew also became the everyday spoken language there.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Fellman, Jack (19 July 2011). The Revival of Classical Tongue : Eliezer Ben Yehuda and the Modern Hebrew Language. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-087910-0. OCLC 1089437441. Archived from the original on 1 July 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2023.
^Kuzar, Ron (2001), Hebrew and Zionism, Berlin, Boston: DE GRUYTER, doi:10.1515/9783110869491.vii, archived from the original on 1 July 2023, retrieved 10 May 2023
^Solomon Birnbaum, Grammatik der jiddischen Sprache (4., erg. Aufl., Hamburg: Buske, 1984), p. 3.
^Klein, Zeev (18 March 2013). "A million and a half Israelis struggle with Hebrew". Israel Hayom. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
^Nachman Gur; Behadrey Haredim. "Kometz Aleph – Au• How many Hebrew speakers are there in the world?". Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 2 November 2013.
contains Hebrew text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hebrew letters. ModernHebrew (עִבְרִית...
transcription delimiters. ModernHebrew has 25 to 27 consonants and 5 to 10 vowels, depending on the speaker and the analysis. Hebrew has been used primarily...
deals mostly with ModernHebrew, but to some extent, the information shown here applies to Biblical Hebrew as well. Verbs in Hebrew, like nouns, adjectives...
grammar of ModernHebrew shares similarities with that of its Biblical Hebrew counterpart, but it has evolved significantly over time. ModernHebrew grammar...
The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (/tɑːˈnɑːx/; Hebrew: תַּנַ״ךְ Tānāḵ), also known in Hebrew as Miqra (/miːˈkrɑː/; Hebrew: מִקְרָא Mīqrāʾ), is the canonical...
writing of the Hebrew language and other Jewish languages, most notably Yiddish, Ladino, Judeo-Arabic, and Judeo-Persian. In modernHebrew, vowels are increasingly...
contains Hebrew text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Hebrew letters. Biblical Hebrew (עִבְרִית...
a key role in the development of nationalist educational programs. ModernHebrew was one of three official languages of Mandatory Palestine, and after...
The Hebrews (Hebrew: עִבְרִיִּים / עִבְרִים, Modern: ʿĪvrīm / ʿĪvrīyyīm, Tiberian: ʿĪḇrīm / ʿĪḇrīyyīm; ISO 259-3: ʕibrim / ʕibriyim) were an ancient Semitic-speaking...
and Mishnaic Hebrew favored for Jewish liturgical use and Torah study by Ashkenazi Jewish practice. As it is used parallel with ModernHebrew, its phonological...
Hebrew literature consists of ancient, medieval, and modern writings in the Hebrew language. It is one of the primary forms of Jewish literature, though...
(Ladino), Judeo-Arabic dialects, and Modern Greek. There is some variation between the various forms of Sephardi Hebrew, but the following generalisations...
ModernHebrew poetry is poetry written in the Hebrew language. Moshe Chaim Luzzatto is considered one of the earliest modernHebrew poets. Modern Hebrew...
Yemenite Hebrew (Hebrew: עִבְרִית תֵּימָנִית ʿĪvrīṯ Tēmŏnīṯ), also referred to as Temani Hebrew, is the pronunciation system for Hebrew traditionally...
Tannaitic Hebrew, Early Rabbinic Hebrew, or Mishnaic Hebrew I), which was a spoken language, and Amoraic Hebrew (also called Late Rabbinic Hebrew or Mishnaic...
modern emergence of secular Jewish culture. Modern Jewish literature has included Yiddish literature, Judeo-Tat literature, Ladino literature, Hebrew...
The Hebrew calendar (Hebrew: הַלּוּחַ הָעִבְרִי, romanized: HaLuah HaIvri), also called the Jewish calendar, is a lunisolar calendar used today for Jewish...
Hebrew punctuation is similar to that of English and other Western languages, ModernHebrew having imported additional punctuation marks from these languages...
The Academy of the Hebrew Language (Hebrew: הָאָקָדֶמְיָה לַלָּשׁוֹן הָעִבְרִית, ha-akademyah la-lashon ha-ivrit) was established by the Israeli government...
The system of Hebrew numerals is a quasi-decimal alphabetic numeral system using the letters of the Hebrew alphabet. The system was adapted from that of...
חדש (Hebrew for "New Dictionary"). Ben-Yehuda Dictionary , the first modernHebrew dictionary, compiled by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, whose first volumes were...
The Hebrew language uses the Hebrew alphabet with optional vowel diacritics. The romanization of Hebrew is the use of the Latin alphabet to transliterate...
longer). Slightly varying forms of Hebrew preserved from the first millennium BC until modern times include: Tiberian Hebrew – Masoretic scholars living in...
books of the Hebrew Bible Piyyut, religious Jewish liturgical poetry in Hebrew or Aramaic Medieval Hebrew poetry written in HebrewModernHebrew poetry, poetry...
collective designation for several styles of handwriting the Hebrew alphabet. ModernHebrew, especially in informal use in Israel, is handwritten with the...