Morning glory vines spread their vegetation and flowers reproduce via mixed mating systems.Peanut plants utilize mixed mating systems, often with cleistogamous flowers.
A mixed mating system (in plants), also known as “variable inbreeding” a characteristic of many hermaphroditic seed plants, where more than one means of mating is used.[1] Mixed mating usually refers to the production of a mixture of self-fertilized (selfed) and outbred (outcrossed) seeds. Plant mating systems influence the distribution of genetic variation within and among populations, by affecting the propensity of individuals to self-fertilize or cross-fertilize (or reproduce asexually). Mixed mating systems are generally characterized by the frequency of selfing vs. outcrossing, but may include the production of asexual seeds through agamospermy.[2] The trade offs for each strategy depend on ecological conditions, pollinator abundance and herbivory[3] and parasite load.[4] Mating systems are not permanent within species; they can vary with environmental factors, and through domestication when plants are bred for commercial agriculture.[5]
^Goodwillie, Carol; Kalisz, Susan; Eckert, Christopher G. (2005). "The Evolutionary Enigma of Mixed Mating Systems in Plants: Occurrence, Theoretical Explanations, and Empirical Evidence". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics. 36 (1): 47–79. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.091704.175539. ISSN 1543-592X.
^Richards, A. J. (1997), "Self-fertilization and inbreeding", Plant Breeding Systems, Springer US, pp. 357–395, doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3043-9_9, ISBN 978-0-412-57440-5
^Campbell, Stuart A. (2015). "Ecological mechanisms for the coevolution of mating systems and defence". New Phytologist. 205 (3): 1047–1053. doi:10.1111/nph.13212. PMID 25729803.
^Hanley, Kathryn A. (1997). "Infection, polymorphism and evolution". Parasitology Today. 13 (7): 278. doi:10.1016/s0169-4758(97)87206-7. ISSN 0169-4758.
^Velázquez-López, Rebeca; Wegier, Ana; Alavez, Valeria; Pérez-López, Javier; Vázquez-Barrios, Valeria; Arroyo-Lambaer, Denise; Ponce-Mendoza, Alejandro; Kunin, William E. (2018-05-09). "The Mating System of the Wild-to-Domesticated Complex of Gossypium hirsutum L. Is Mixed". Frontiers in Plant Science. 9: 574. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00574. ISSN 1664-462X. PMC 5954804. PMID 29868048.
and 24 Related for: Mixed mating systems information
Although practiced by a minority of species, mixedmatingsystems are widespread. Examples of mixedmatingsystems in nature are found in jewelweeds, violets...
have been used to describe the parameters of plant matingsystems. The basic model is the mixedmating model, which is based on the assumption that every...
animals. Trioecy, androdioecy and gynodioecy may be described as mixedmatingsystems. Trioecy is also called tridioecy, subdioecy, or triecy. The term...
about 42% of flowering plants exhibit a mixedmatingsystem in nature. In the most common kind of mixedmatingsystem, individual plants produce a single...
sometimes considered a mixedmatingsystems comparable with trioecy and androdioecy. It is also considered a dimorphic sexual system alongside dioecy and...
and gynodioecy are sometimes referred to as a mixedmatingsystems. Androdioecy is a dimorphic sexual system in plants comparable with gynodioecy and dioecy...
copulating with females. The variation in mating success is quite large in lek matingsystems with 70–80% of matings being attributed to only 10–20% of the...
practices a mixedmatingsystem of monogamy and polygyny. Their matingsystem has also been described as successive polygyny. Within the latter system, the males...
between floral traits and the matingsystem in Camissoniopsis cheiranthifolia (Onagraceae): multiple stable mixedmatingsystems across the species' range...
Dalechampia scandens results in reduced inbreeding depression in mixed-matingsystems due to intense pollen competition after self-pollination. Gametophytic...
raise. Other matingsystems, including polygyny, polyandry, polygamy, polygynandry, and promiscuity, also occur. Polygamous breeding systems arise when...
alternative mating strategy is a strategy used by male or female animals, often with distinct phenotypes, that differs from the prevailing mating strategy...
a class of matingsystem where one female mates with several males in a breeding season. Polyandry is often compared to the polygyny system based on the...
mating territories in which the females’ only purpose for visiting these territories is for copulation. Variation within European fallow deer mating systems...
1980s by Kermit Ritland, as an alternative to the simplistic mixedmating model. The mixedmating model assumes that every fertilisation event may be classed...
purging of genetic load and it contributes to the occurrence of mixedmatingsystems. There are a number of mechanisms that result in reproductive assurance...
polyandrous matingsystems, or due to extra-pair copulations of females, which increases the chance of cuckoldry, in which the male mate raises a child...
thought to be likely to be predominantly outcrossing and have a mixedmatingsystem. The timber produced by E. salmonophloia is noted for its durability...
into the mating behaviors of spiders. The species shows both monogynous and polygynous mating, with a preference for polygyny in most mating environments...
female hypergamy occurs because women have greater lost mating opportunity costs from monogamous mating (given their slower reproductive rate and limited window...
a short mating season that consists of 2 months (mid-June to mid-August) and normally reside beneath the soil burrowed deeply. During mating season, the...
electrical and mechanical trades and manufacturing, each half of a pair of mating connectors or fasteners is conventionally assigned the designation male...
appropriate for handlers to attempt to calm the mating dogs if they show anxiety once this stage is reached. After mating, the male usually licks his penis and...
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