This article is about a historical concept in 19th-century Austria and Germany. For the geographical region, see Central Europe. For the book Mitteleuropa, see Friedrich Naumann. For the Jazz Marca album, see Mitteleuropa (album).
German concept of Central Europe
Mitteleuropa (pronounced[ˈmɪtl̩ʔɔʏˌroːpa]), meaning Middle Europe, is one of the German terms for Central Europe.[1] The term has acquired diverse cultural, political and historical connotations.[2][3][4]
The Prussian vision of Mitteleuropa was a pan-Germanist state-centric imperium, an idea that was later adopted in a modified form by Nazi geopoliticians.[5][6][7]
^LEO Ergebnisse für "Mitteleuropa"
^Wendt, Jan 'Współpraca regionalna Polski w Europie Środkowej' Centrum Europejskie University of Warsaw, Studia Europejskie, nr 4/1998
^Johnson, Lonnie (1996) Central Europe: Enemies, Neighbors, Friends pp.6–12 quotation:
it may refer to different things for different people. Its meaning changes in different national and historical contexts, or as Jacques Rupnik ... observed: "Tell me where Central Europe is, and I can tell who you are." For example, when Germans start talking about Central Europe, Mitteleuropa, or their historical relations with "the East," everyone starts getting nervous because this inevitably conjures up negative historical associations starting with the conquests of the Teutonic Knights in the Middle Ages and ending with German imperialism in the nineteenth century, World War I, the Third Reich, Nazi imperialism, World War II, and the Holocaust.
^Bischof et al. (2000) p.558 quotation:
I have identified at least seven different "definitions" of "Central Europe": Mitteleuropa (in the German imperial sense); German-Jewish Central Europe; the Central Europe of small (non-Germanic) nations (the Palacky-Masaryk tradition); the nostalgic, k.u.k. or Austro-Hungarian version of Mitteleuropa (without imperial Germans) which is related to the Austro-Hungarian version of Mitteleuropa in the 1970s and 1980s (Kreisky-Kadar-Busek); the Mitteleuropa of the West German left and peace movement in the 1980s; the "Central Europe" of Eastern European dissidents and intellectuals (for example, Milosz, Kundera, Konrad); and finally the "Central and Eastern Europe" of the European Union.
^Hann, C. M. and Magocsi, Paul R. (2005) Galicia: A Multicultured Land, pp.178–9 quotation:
The notion of Mitteleuropa carries diverse connotations, many far from positive. ... the Mitteleuropa fondly recalled by Habsburg-era nostalgics stands in clear oppositions to the Prussian understanding of Mitteleuropa. The Habsburg multi-national vision is a negation of the Prussian state-centric ideal first promoted by Friedrich Naumann and others, and later adopted by Nazi geopoliticians.
^Eder, Klaus and Spohn, Willfried Collective Memory and European Identity
pp.90–1, quotation:
Not only has Central Europe been recovered from oblivion, but also the memory of past links, affinities and cultural commonalities between Italy and other Mitteleuropean countries — namely, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Austria, Slovenia and Croatia — seems to have come to the forefront again. ... one should mention the role and the weight of Mitteleuropean literature in Italy. This genre has acquired considerable prominence among Italian readers and in cultural debates since the early 1960s, thanks to literary festivals such as Mittelfest and to the support of important publishing houses such as Adelphi. Authors such as ... are all read and known to Italians not only as Italian, Austria, Czech, Hungarian, etc, but also as Mitteleuropean. The well-known writer Claudio Magris contributed more than anybody else to the 1960s revival of Mitteleuropean culture and to the awareness of the existence of a common cultural koiné among those territories that were once part of the Habsburg Empire. ... The notion of Mitteleuropa, as authors such as Magris conceive it, has nothing to do with the notorious pan-Germanist interpretation of it that goes back to Frederich Naumann's Mitteleuropa (Le Rider 1995:97–106). The point of reference is, instead, the super-national, cosmopolitan Austro-Hungarian Empire and its specific 'cultural and spiritual koiné'. ... there is no embarrassment surrounding the use of this term in Italy as is the case with Germany and Austria.
^Bischof, Günter and Pelinka, Anton and Stiefel, Dieter (2000) The Marshall Plan in Austria p.552 quotation:
the German-speaking world was the filter through which western European ideas were transmitted to central Europe; ... The frontier of this Mitteleuropa may correspond to the more benign Habsburg or, after 1867, the Austro-Hungarian version of Mitteleuropa as well as the more aggressive imperial German versions of Naumann's German "economic space" or Hitler's Lebensraum.
Mitteleuropa (pronounced [ˈmɪtl̩ʔɔʏˌroːpa]), meaning Middle Europe, is one of the German terms for Central Europe. The term has acquired diverse cultural...
best, though the Nazi conceptualisation of "Mitteleuropa" sought to destroy this culture. The term "Mitteleuropa" is widely used in German education and media...
begins with Croatia, and we Slovenes are the last outpost of the peaceful Mitteleuropa. For Italians and Austrians, it begins with Slovenia, where the reign...
Otaman-Ministers, it has been closely aligned with Germany as a critical part of Mitteleuropa and the Reichspakt to which it provides vast quantities of grain, for...
Glutz von Blotzheim, U. N.; Bauer, K. M. (1997). Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas, Band 14-I; Passeriformes (5. Teil). AULA-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-923527-00-7...
0026. S2CID 147376008. (subscription required) Elvert, Jürgen (1999). Mitteleuropa!: deutsche Pläne zur europäischen Neuordnung (1918-1945) (in German)...
Freude-Harde-Lohse "Die Käfer Mitteleuropas" Band 5 (1974), pp. 185–243 In: Lohse, G.A. & Lucht, W.H. (Eds.), Die Käfer Mitteleuropas. 1. Supplementband mit...
Annales. Hanover. Pohl, Walter (1988). Die Awaren: Ein Steppenvolk im Mitteleuropa, 567–822 n. Chr (in German). C.H. Bech. ISBN 978-3406333309. Pohl, Walter...
Austria on formerly Russian-controlled territories, within the German Mitteleuropa scheme. The sponsor states were never able to agree on a candidate to...
dances, wine and food tasting, and traditional costumes and folklore from Mitteleuropa. "With united forces" (as the Emperor of Austria) – German: "Mit vereinten...
Wiedergewonnene Geschichte. Zur Aneignung von Vergangenheit in den Zwischenräumen Mitteleuropas. Veröffentlichungen des Deutschen Polen-Instituts Darmstadt (in German)...
Kriegsgeschädigte & Theodor Schieder eds.: Die Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa. Vorarbeiten Fritz Valjavec. Teil 4: Die Vertreibung der deutschen Bevölkerung...
Eagles Dare (1968) Archived 30 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Mitteleuropa.x10.mx. Retrieved on 20 November 2015. "Where Eagles Dare - Memorabilia...
The Initiative Pro Mitteleuropa - Middleeuropean Initiative (in short "IPM") is an international think tank, based in Vienna. President of IPM is Philipp...
Ukraine. Thus Germany had at last achieved its long-wanted dominance of "Mitteleuropa" (Central Europe) and could now focus fully on defeating the Allies on...
Grey, members of a noble family dedicated to protecting the Kaiser of Mitteleuropa, as they struggle to reconcile duty with their own beliefs and ambitions...
crescent', Alfred Thayer Mahan's Middle East, and Friedrich Naumann's Mitteleuropa. In current usage, the Fertile Crescent includes Israel, Palestine, Iraq...
Presse 29 September 2020. Diego D'Amelio "Così Trieste torna Porto della Mitteleuropa" In: Il Piccolo, 02.06.2021. "The company in figures". Archived from...
essentially comprised Central and Eastern Europe: Ukraine, Western Russia, and Mitteleuropa. The Heartland contained the grain reserves of Ukraine, and many other...