Missing middle housing refers to a lack of medium-density housing in the North American context.
The term describes an urban planning phenomenon in Canada, the United States, Australia and more recent developments in industrialised and newly industrialising countries due to zoning regulations favoring social and racial separation and car-dependent suburban sprawl.[1]
Medium-density housing is characterized by a range of multi-family or clustered housing types that are still compatible in scale and heights with single-family or transitional neighborhoods.[2]
Multi-family housing facilitates walkable neighborhoods possible, affordable housing and provides a response to changing demographics.[3]
Instead of focusing on the number of units in a structure, density can also be increased by building types such as duplexes, rowhouses, and courtyard apartments.
Historic four-plex in Portland, Oregon
The term "missing middle housing" was introduced by architect Daniel Parolek in 2010.[4][3][5][6]
Many forms of what is now described as "missing middle" housing were built before the 1940s including two-flats in Chicago, rowhouses in Brooklyn, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia, two-family homes or "triple-decker" homes in Boston, Worcester, and bungalow courts in California.[7] Post-WWII, housing in the United States trended significantly toward single-family with zoning making it difficult to build walkable medium density housing in many areas and, therefore, reducing the supply of the now "missing" middle.[8][9]
^Jay Cockburn, Anne Benaroya: The Missing Middle, podcast series 99% Invisible, May 17th 2022
^Parolek, Daniel (2020). Missing Middle Housing: Thinking Big and Building Small to Respond to Today's Housing Crisis. Washington DC: Island Press. p. 15.
^ abParolek, Daniel (2020). Missing Middle Housing: Thinking Big and Building Small to Respond to Today's Housing Crisis. Washington DC: Island Press. pp. 7–8.
^"Missing Middle Housing: Thinking Big and Building Small to Respond to Today's Housing Crisis (Webcast)". Strong Towns. 11 August 2020. Retrieved 2021-01-03.
^"'Missing Middle Housing' Website to Fill the Gap Between Supply and Demand". Planetizen - Urban Planning News, Jobs, and Education. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
^"Will U.S. Cities Design Their Way Out of the Affordable Housing Crisis?". nextcity.org. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
^"Missing Middle Housing". www.nar.realtor. 18 May 2016. Retrieved 2020-04-26.
^Wegmann, Jake (2020-01-02). "Death to Single-Family Zoning…and New Life to the Missing Middle". Journal of the American Planning Association. 86 (1): 113–119. doi:10.1080/01944363.2019.1651217. ISSN 0194-4363.
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