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Miscarriage risks information


Miscarriage risks are those circumstances, conditions, and substances that increase the risk of miscarriage. Some risks are modifiable and can be changed. Other risks cannot be modified and can't be changed. Risks can be firmly tied to miscarriages and others are still under investigation. In addition, there are those circumstances and treatments that have not been found effective in preventing miscarriage. When a woman keeps having miscarriages, infertility is present.[1]

  • Anatomical defect in the mother[2][3][4]
  • Amniocentesis[5]
  • Chorionic villus sampling[6][7]
  • Age >30[8][9][10][11][12]
  • Smoking and exposure tobacco smoke[11][failed verification][13][14][15]
  • Obesity[11]
  • Diabetes[16]
  • Thyroid disorders (e.g. hypothyroidism)[17][18][19][20]
  • Alcohol use[11][failed verification][21]
  • Cannabis use[22]
  • Chromosomal abnormalities[23][10]
  • Infectious diseases
  • Radiation exposure[24][19]
  • Endocrine
  • Genetic and chromosome abnormalities[25][26]
    • Autosomal trisomy
    • Monosomy X (45, X)
    • Triploidy
    • Structural abnormality of the chromosome
    • Double or triple trisomy[27]
  • Uterine structural abnormalities
  • Uterine fibroids[14]
  • Cervical abnormalities[14][28]
  • Hormonal abnormalities
  • Reproductive tract infection
  • Tissue rejection
  • Autoimmune disorder[29][30][31]
    • Coeliac disease[32][33]
    • Lupus[34][35]
    • Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome[36]
    • Anti-thyroid autoantibodies[37]
  • Placenta abnormality[27][38][39]
  • Previous miscarriage[11]
  • Eating disorders bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa[19]
  • Hyperemesis gravidarum[19]
  • Illicit or recreational drugs[11][failed verification]
  • Caffeine[14]
  • Food poisoning
    • Salmonella
    • Listeriosis
    • Toxoplasmosis[14][1]
  • Some surgeries[40] and medications[14]
    • Antidepressants[41][42]
    • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,[43][44] such as ibuprofen[14]
    • Methotrexate[14]
    • Retinoids[14]
  • Trauma[33]
  • Chemotherapy[19][36]
  • Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)[14][45][46][47]
  • Luteal phase defect[48]
  • Mycoplasma genitalium infection[49]
  • Rubella (German measles)[14]
  • Cytomegalovirus[14]
  • Bacterial vaginosis[14]
  • Sexually transmitted infections HIV, chlamydia, gonorrhoea and syphilis[14]
  • Malaria[14]
  • Chemicals
    • DDT[36]
    • Lead[36]
    • Formaldehyde[36]
    • Arsenic[36]
    • Benzene[36]
    • Ethylene oxide[36]
  • Working conditions
    • Night shift work[50]
    • >40-hour work week[50]
    • Lack of accommodation for strenuous working conditions[51]
  • Psychological stress[52]
  1. ^ a b "Glossary | womenshealth.gov". womenshealth.gov. 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2017-09-11.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. ^ Hoffman, p. 181–182.
  3. ^ Ali, Osman; Hakimi, Ihssane; Chanana, Adil; Habib, My Abdellah Baba; Guelzim, Khalid; Kouach, Jaouad; Rahali, Driss Moussaoui; Dehayeni, Mohammed (2015). "[Term pegnancy on septate uterus: report of a case and review of the literature]". The Pan African Medical Journal. 22: 219. doi:10.11604/pamj.2015.22.219.7790. ISSN 1937-8688. PMC 4760728. PMID 26955410.
  4. ^ Acién, Pedro; Acién, Maribel (2016-01-01). "The presentation and management of complex female genital malformations". Human Reproduction Update. 22 (1): 48–69. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmv048. ISSN 1355-4786. PMID 26537987.
  5. ^ Alfirevic, Zarko; Navaratnam, Kate; Mujezinovic, Faris (September 4, 2017). "Amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling for prenatal diagnosis". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017 (9): CD003252. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003252.pub2. PMC 6483702. PMID 28869276.
  6. ^ Tabor A, Alfirevic Z (2010). "Update on procedure-related risks for prenatal diagnosis techniques". Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy. 27 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1159/000271995. PMID 20051662.
  7. ^ Agarwal K, Alfirevic Z (August 2012). "Pregnancy loss after chorionic villus sampling and genetic amniocentesis in twin pregnancies: a systematic review". Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 40 (2): 128–34. doi:10.1002/uog.10152. PMID 22125091. S2CID 23379631.
  8. ^ "Pregnancy Over Age 30". MUSC Children's Hospital. Archived from the original on November 13, 2006. Retrieved December 18, 2006.
  9. ^ Bray I, Gunnell D, Davey Smith G (2006). "Advanced paternal age: How old is too old?". Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health. 60 (10): 851–3. doi:10.1136/jech.2005.045179. PMC 2566050. PMID 16973530.
  10. ^ a b The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics (4th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. pp. 438–439. ISBN 9781451148015. Archived from the original on September 10, 2017.
  11. ^ a b c d e f "How many people are affected by or at risk for pregnancy loss or miscarriage?". www.nichd.nih.gov. July 15, 2013. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  12. ^ Hoffman, p. 175.
  13. ^ Ness RB, Grisso JA, Hirschinger N, Markovic N, Shaw LM, Day NL, Kline J (1999). "Cocaine and Tobacco Use and the Risk of Spontaneous Abortion". New England Journal of Medicine. 340 (5): 333–9. doi:10.1056/NEJM199902043400501. PMID 9929522.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Choices, NHS (2017-12-07). "Miscarriage - Causes - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2023-03-06.
  15. ^ Venners SA, Wang X, Chen C, Wang L, Chen D, Guang W, Huang A, Ryan L, O'Connor J, Lasley B, Overstreet J, Wilcox A, Xu X (2004). "Paternal Smoking and Pregnancy Loss: A Prospective Study Using a Biomarker of Pregnancy". American Journal of Epidemiology. 159 (10): 993–1001. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh128. PMID 15128612.
  16. ^ Mills JL, Simpson JL, Driscoll SG, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Van Allen M, Aarons JH, Metzger B, Bieber FR, Knopp RH, Holmes LB (1988). "Incidence of Spontaneous Abortion among Normal Women and Insulin-Dependent Diabetic Women Whose Pregnancies Were Identified within 21 Days of Conception". New England Journal of Medicine. 319 (25): 1617–23. doi:10.1056/NEJM198812223192501. PMID 3200277.
  17. ^ Reid, Sally M.; Middleton, Philippa; Cossich, Mary C.; Crowther, Caroline A.; Bain, Emily (31 May 2013). "Interventions for clinical and subclinical hypothyroidism pre-pregnancy and during pregnancy". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (5): CD007752. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007752.pub3. PMID 23728666. S2CID 5646554.
  18. ^ Braverman, Lewis E.; Cooper, David (2012-07-12). Werner & Ingbar's The Thyroid: A Fundamental and Clinical Text. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 826. ISBN 9781451171419.
  19. ^ a b c d e Hoffman, p. 173.
  20. ^ Liu H, Shan Z, Li C, Mao J, Xie X, Wang W; et al. (2014). "Maternal subclinical hypothyroidism, thyroid autoimmunity, and the risk of miscarriage: a prospective cohort study". Thyroid. 24 (11): 1642–9. doi:10.1089/thy.2014.0029. PMC 4229690. PMID 25087688.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Oliver, A; Overton, C (May 2014). "Diagnosis and management of miscarriage". The Practitioner. 258 (1771): 25–8, 3. PMID 25055407.
  22. ^ Fonseca BM, Correia-da-Silva G, Almada M, Costa MA, Teixeira NA (2013). "The Endocannabinoid System in the Postimplantation Period: A Role during Decidualization and Placentation". International Journal of Endocrinology (Review). 2013: 510540. doi:10.1155/2013/510540. PMC 3818851. PMID 24228028. In fact, maternal marijuana use has been associated with foetal growth restrictions, spontaneous miscarriage, and cognitive deficits in infancy and adolescence.
  23. ^ Vaiman, Daniel (2015). "Genetic regulation of recurrent spontaneous abortion in humans". Biomedical Journal. 38 (1): 11–24. doi:10.4103/2319-4170.133777. PMID 25179715.
  24. ^ "Is there a cure for pregnancy loss/miscarriage?". www.nichd.nih.gov/. October 21, 2013. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
  25. ^ Kajii T, Ferrier A, Niikawa N, Takahara H, Ohama K, Avirachan S (1980). "Anatomic and chromosomal anomalies in 639 spontaneous abortuses". Human Genetics. 55 (1): 87–98. doi:10.1007/BF00329132. PMID 7450760. S2CID 2133855.
  26. ^ Cunningham, F; Leveno KJ; Bloom SL; Spong CY; Dashe JS; Hoffman BL; Casey BM; Sheffield JS (2013). "Abortion". Williams Obstetrics. McGraw-Hill.
  27. ^ a b Hoffman, p. 171.
  28. ^ American College of Obstetricians and, Gynecologists (Feb 2014). "ACOG Practice Bulletin No.142: Cerclage for the management of cervical insufficiency". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 123 (2 Pt 1): 372–9. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000443276.68274.cc. PMID 24451674. S2CID 205384229.
  29. ^ Carp HJ, Selmi C, Shoenfeld Y (2012). "The autoimmune bases of infertility and pregnancy loss". J Autoimmun (Review). 38 (2–3): J266–74. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2011.11.016. PMID 22284905.
  30. ^ Gleicher N, Weghofer A, Barad D (2007). "Female infertility due to abnormal autoimmunity: Frequently overlooked and greatly underappreciated. Part II". Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 2 (4): 465–75. doi:10.1586/17474108.2.4.465.
  31. ^ Gleicher N, Weghofer A, Barad DH (2011). "Do chromosomally abnormal pregnancies really preclude autoimmune etiologies of spontaneous miscarriages?". Autoimmunity Reviews. 10 (6): 361–3. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2010.12.004. PMID 21195806.
  32. ^ Tersigni, C.; Castellani, R.; de Waure, C.; Fattorossi, A.; De Spirito, M.; Gasbarrini, A.; Scambia, G.; Di Simone, N. (2014). "Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms". Human Reproduction Update. 20 (4): 582–593. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmu007. hdl:10807/56796. ISSN 1355-4786. PMID 24619876.
  33. ^ a b Hoffman, p. 172.
  34. ^ Baer AN, Witter FR, Petri M (2011). "Lupus and pregnancy". Obstet Gynecol Surv. 66 (10): 639–53. doi:10.1097/OGX.0b013e318239e1ee. PMID 22112525. S2CID 32186964.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  35. ^ "Pregnancy and lupus". womenshealth.gov. 2017-04-20. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h Hoffman, p. 272.
  37. ^ van den Boogaard E, Vissenberg R, Land JA, van Wely M, van der Post JA, Goddijn M, Bisschop PH (2011). "Significance of (sub)clinical thyroid dysfunction and thyroid autoimmunity before conception and in early pregnancy: A systematic review". Human Reproduction Update. 17 (5): 605–19. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmr024. PMID 21622978.
  38. ^ "Blighted Ovum: Symptoms, Causes and Prevention". American Pregnancy Association. April 26, 2012. Archived from the original on July 25, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  39. ^ "Blighted ovum: What causes it?". Mayo Clinic. Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  40. ^ Hoffman, pp. 172–173.
  41. ^ Broy P, Bérard A (2010). "Gestational exposure to antidepressants and the risk of spontaneous abortion: A review". Current Drug Delivery. 7 (1): 76–92. doi:10.2174/156720110790396508. PMID 19863482. S2CID 28153571.
  42. ^ Nakhai-Pour HR, Broy P, Bérard A (2010). "Use of antidepressants during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 182 (10): 1031–7. doi:10.1503/cmaj.091208. PMC 2900326. PMID 20513781.
  43. ^ Nakhai-Pour HR, Broy P, Sheehy O, Bérard A (2011). "Use of nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion" (PDF). CMAJ. 183 (15): 1713–20. doi:10.1503/cmaj.110454. PMC 3193112. PMID 21896698.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^ Li DK, Liu L, Odouli R (2003). "Exposure to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs during pregnancy and risk of miscarriage: population based cohort study". BMJ. 327 (7411): 368–0. doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7411.368. PMC 175811. PMID 12919986.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  45. ^ Jakubowicz DJ, Iuorno MJ, Jakubowicz S, Roberts KA, Nestler JE (2002). "Effects of Metformin on Early Pregnancy Loss in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 87 (2): 524–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.87.2.8207. PMID 11836280.
  46. ^ Khattab S, Mohsen IA, Foutouh IA, Ramadan A, Moaz M, Al-Inany H (2006). "Metformin reduces abortion in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome". Gynecological Endocrinology. 22 (12): 680–4. doi:10.1080/09513590601010508. PMID 17162710. S2CID 41735428.
  47. ^ Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (December 2007). "Long-term consequences of polycystic ovarian syndrome" (PDF). Green-top Guideline No. 27. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-07-10. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  48. ^ "Trying to conceive | womenshealth.gov". womenshealth.gov. 2016-12-13. Retrieved 2017-09-11.Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  49. ^ Lis, R.; Rowhani-Rahbar, A.; Manhart, L. E. (2015). "Mycoplasma genitalium Infection and Female Reproductive Tract Disease: A Meta-Analysis". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 61 (3): 418–26. doi:10.1093/cid/civ312. hdl:1773/26479. ISSN 1058-4838. PMID 25900174.
  50. ^ a b Chavarro, Jorge E.; Rich-Edwards, Janet W.; Gaskins, Audrey J.; Farland, Leslie V.; Terry, Kathryn L.; Zhang, Cuilin; Missmer, Stacey A. (2016). "Contributions of the Nurses' Health Studies to Reproductive Health Research". American Journal of Public Health. 106 (9): 1669–1676. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303350. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 4981818. PMID 27459445.(review)
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  52. ^ Qu, Fan; Wu, Yan; Zhu, Yu-Hang; Barry, John; Ding, Tao; Baio, Gianluca; Muscat, Ruth; Todd, Brenda K.; Wang, Fang-Fang (2017-05-11). "The association between psychological stress and miscarriage: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 1731. Bibcode:2017NatSR...7.1731Q. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01792-3. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 5431920. PMID 28496110.

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Miscarriage risks

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following miscarriage are still lacking. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop in women who have experienced a miscarriage. Risks for developing...

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subgroup had a 270% higher risk for ectopic pregnancy and a 76% higher risk for miscarriage compared to their peers. The miscarriage risk increased to 298% for...

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relationships have a higher risk of dissolving after a miscarriage or stillbirth, compared with a live birth", and that the risk is highest for those couples...

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