Mining and metallurgy in medieval Europe information
Medieval European history
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Plan of mines in Banská Štiavnica in Slovakia (1726) by Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli, an illustration of mining in the pre-modern era.
During the Middle Ages, between the 5th and 16th century AD, Western Europe saw a period of growth in the mining industry. The first important mines were those at Goslar in the Harz mountains, taken into commission in the 10th century. Another notable mining town is Falun in Sweden where copper has been mined since at least the 10th century and possibly even earlier. (Olsson 2010) [1]
The rise of the Western European mining industry depended on the increasing influence of Western Europe on the world stage. Advances in medieval mining and metallurgy enabled the flourishing of Western European civilization. Accessible ores and improved extraction techniques supported economic growth and trade. Innovations like water-powered machinery and better smelting methods increased the productivity and quality of metals.
Metallurgical activities were also encouraged by the central political powers, regional authorities, monastic orders, and ecclesiastical overlords. These powers attempted to claim royal rights over the mines and a share in the output, both on private lands and regions belonging to The Crown. They were particularly interested in the extraction of the precious metal ores, and for this reason, the mines in their territories were open to all miners (Nef 1987, 706–715).[2][3]
^Rydberg, pp. 9–11
^U. Nef, John (March 28, 2008). "Mining and Metallurgy in Medieval Civilisation". CHAPTER X - Mining and Metallurgy in Medieval Civilisation. The Cambridge Economic History of Europe. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 691–761. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521087094.012. ISBN 978-1-139-05443-0. S2CID 127621894. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
^"The Medieval Roots of Colonial Iron Manufacturing Technology". Penn State College of Engineering. Retrieved August 28, 2023.
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