Globalization has been internalized in Arabic as awlaama (العولمة)[1] and refers to the spread throughout the globe of ideas, customs, institutions, and attitudes originated in one part of the world [2] which are usually Western in origin. For this reason it has often been perceived as largely equivalent to Westernization and is still widely regarded as an external threat rather than as an opportunity.[1] In the Middle East the decade of globalization was marked by endless wars, intrusive US hegemony, renewed economic dependency and continuing insecurity.[3] Globalization was ushered into the Middle East by a war[which?] which gave the Western victors excessive power over the region[3] and created a violent anti-globalization struggle. As some authors argue, it has strengthened Islamic fundamentalism[4] and, due to its ambiguity created a contradictory and tension filled situation.[5] Globalization thus often acted as an obstacle rather than an impetus to democratization.
Against most expectations, the processes of globalization hence proved highly turbulent and have generated new conflicts, hostilities and exclusions throughout the world.[5] Oppositional individuals and groups are now able to participate in global culture and politics through gaining access to global communication and media networks and to circulate local struggles and oppositional ideas through these media.
Initially globalization was expected to spread the zone of peace by delivering economic prosperity which people would not want to sacrifice in conflicts.[3] Instead the imposition of structural adjustment, of unpopular and inequitable peace treaties together with the US campaign against terrorism, led to more unrest and instability. This helped to create a chain reaction as the victims of economic liberalization appear to be among the main constituents of Islamic opposition movements.[3]
^ abClement, M. Henry (2005). "The clash of Globalisations in the Middle East" in Louise Fawcett (ed.), "International Relations of the Middle East". Oxford: The University Press. pp. 105–112. ISBN 0-19-926963-7.
^Rubin, Barry (16 January 2003). "Globalization and the Middle East: Part One". YaleGlobal. Archived from the original on 25 September 2015.
^ abcdHinnebusch, Raymond (2003). The International Politics of the Middle East. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-5346-3.
^Griffel, Frank (21 January 2003). "Globalization and the Middle East: Part Two". YaleGlobal. Archived from the original on 10 February 2003.
^ abKellner, Douglas (2005). "Globalization, Terrorism and Democracy : 9/11 and its Aftermath", in : Confronting Globalization : Humanity, Justice and the Renewal of Politics. Basingstoke [etc.] : Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 172–188.
and 25 Related for: Middle East and globalization information
Westernization and is still widely regarded as an external threat rather than as an opportunity. In the MiddleEast the decade of globalization was marked...
The MiddleEast (term originally coined in English [see § Terminology]) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey...
gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people generally have limited or highly restrictive rights in most parts of the MiddleEast, and are open to hostility...
divides globalization into three major areas: economic globalization, cultural globalization, and political globalization. The word globalization was used...
modern conflicts in the MiddleEast ensuing in the geographic and political region known as the MiddleEast. The "MiddleEast" is traditionally defined...
The MiddleEastand North Africa (MENA), also referred to as West Asia and North Africa (WANA) or South West Asia and North Africa (SWANA), is a geographic...
is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the broad, interdisciplinary subject of globalization: Globalization (or globalisation) – processes...
of the MiddleEast is very diverse, with national economies ranging from hydrocarbon-exporting rentiers to centralized socialist economies and free-market...
Eastern Europe and the MiddleEast. Because of the ambiguity in defining the term, sometimes this region is also referred to as the GlobalEasts. The term...
Irreligion in the MiddleEast is the lack of religion in the MiddleEast. Though atheists in the MiddleEast are rarely public about their lack of belief...
The MiddleEast, also known as the Near East, is home to one of the Cradles of Civilization and has seen many of the world's oldest cultures and civilizations...
The Greater MiddleEast is a geopolitical term introduced in March 2004 in a paper published by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace as part...
globalization (also known as historical globalization) are the subject of ongoing debate. Though many scholars situate the origins of globalization in...
Sotiris (2014). "Globalization Processes and Christians in the MiddleEast: A Comparative Analysis". The Journal of the MiddleEastand Africa. 5 (2): 111–130...
United States foreign policy in the MiddleEast has its roots in the early 19th-century Tripolitan War that occurred shortly after the 1776 establishment...
MiddleEast Eye (MEE) is a UK-based news website founded in 2014 that covers the MiddleEastand North Africa. It is reportedly funded by the government...
been found in the MiddleEast since the early 16th century. Millions of members of the Indian diaspora, of different religions, reside and work in Arab states...
the MiddleEast or MiddleEast Quartet, sometimes called the Diplomatic Quartet or Madrid Quartet or simply the Quartet, is a foursome of nations and international...
Mediterranean andMiddleEast Theatre was a major theatre of operations during the Second World War. The vast size of the Mediterranean andMiddleEast theatre...
enlightened" the debate over globalization by making "no distinction between the far right's critique of globalizationand that of the global social justice movement"...
change in the MiddleEastand North Africa (MENA) refers to changes in the climate of the MENA region and the subsequent response, adaption and mitigation...
all of the MiddleEast. The Abrahamic tradition itself and the three best-known Abrahamic religions originate from the MiddleEast: Judaism and Christianity...
in the MiddleEast have been shaped by the legal and political development of international human rights law after the Second World War, and their application...
Global Information