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Trophic pathway in marine microbial ecosystems
The aquatic microbial loop is a marine trophic pathway which incorporates dissolved organic carbon into the food chain.
The microbial loop describes a trophic pathway where, in aquatic systems, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is returned to higher trophic levels via its incorporation into bacterial biomass, and then coupled with the classic food chain formed by phytoplankton-zooplankton-nekton. In soil systems, the microbial loop refers to soil carbon. The term microbial loop was coined by Farooq Azam, Tom Fenchel et al.[1] in 1983 to include the role played by bacteria in the carbon and nutrient cycles of the marine environment.
In general, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is introduced into the ocean environment from bacterial lysis, the leakage or exudation of fixed carbon from phytoplankton (e.g., mucilaginous exopolymer from diatoms), sudden cell senescence, sloppy feeding by zooplankton, the excretion of waste products by aquatic animals, or the breakdown or dissolution of organic particles from terrestrial plants and soils.[2] Bacteria in the microbial loop decompose this particulate detritus to utilize this energy-rich matter for growth. Since more than 95% of organic matter in marine ecosystems consists of polymeric, high molecular weight (HMW) compounds (e.g., protein, polysaccharides, lipids), only a small portion of total dissolved organic matter (DOM) is readily utilizable to most marine organisms at higher trophic levels. This means that dissolved organic carbon is not available directly to most marine organisms; marine bacteria introduce this organic carbon into the food web, resulting in additional energy becoming available to higher trophic levels. Recently the term "microbial food web" has been substituted for the term "microbial loop".
^Azam, Farooq; Fenchel, Tom; Field, J.G.; Gray, J.S.; Meyer-Reil, L.A.; Thingstad, F. (1983). "The Ecological Role of Water-Column Microbes in the Sea". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 10: 257–263. Bibcode:1983MEPS...10..257A. doi:10.3354/meps010257.
^Van den Meersche, Karel; Middelburg, Jack J.; Soetaert, Karline; van Rijswijk, Pieter; Boschker, Henricus T. S.; Heip, Carlo H. R. (2004). "Carbon-nitrogen coupling and algal-bacterial interactions during an experimental bloom: Modeling a13C tracer experiment". Limnology and Oceanography. 49 (3): 862–878. Bibcode:2004LimOc..49..862V. doi:10.4319/lo.2004.49.3.0862. hdl:1854/LU-434810. ISSN 0024-3590.
The microbialloop describes a trophic pathway where, in aquatic systems, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is returned to higher trophic levels via its incorporation...
variables and microbial activity, consequently augmenting our comprehension of microbial dynamics across various ecosystems. The microbialloop describes...
at other surface layers. The microbialloop is a trophic pathway in the marine microbial food web. The term "microbialloop" was coined by Azam et al. (1983)...
(DOC) and ammonium than omnivorous diets. The microbialloop describes a trophic pathway in the marine microbial food web where dissolved organic carbon (DOC)...
single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from...
stimulate microbial growth. As much as 25% of the primary production from phytoplankton in the global oceans may be recycled within the microbialloop through...
defined more precisely in 1988 by Whipps et al. as "a characteristic microbial community occupying a reasonably well-defined habitat which has distinct...
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PMID 11607735. Bonkowski, Michael (2004). "Protozoa and plant growth: The microbialloop in soil revisited". New Phytologist. 162 (3): 617–631. doi:10.1111/j...
stimulates microbial growth. As much as 25% of the primary production from phytoplankton in the global oceans may be recycled within the microbialloop through...
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The hydrothermal vent microbial community includes all unicellular organisms that live and reproduce in a chemically distinct area around hydrothermal...
and plays an important role in the global carbon cycle through the microbialloop. In some organisms (stages) that do not feed in the traditional sense...
residing on them are constantly respiring and contribute greatly to the microbialloop. Aggregates begin as the colloidal fraction, which typically contains...
agricultural chemists working in Paris, proved that nitrification is indeed microbially mediated process by the experiments with liquid sewage and artificial...
disruption. The dynamics of microbial ecosystems are tightly coupled to biogeochemical processes. For example, in the marine microbialloop, bacteria decompose...
from a microbial culture, e.g. for streaking on a culture plate. This process is called inoculation. The tool consists of a thin handle with a loop about...
is reduced to NO−2, N2O, N2, and NH+4 depending on the conditions and microbial species involved. The fecal plumes of cetaceans also act as a junction...
ice ranges from 104-108 cells/mL. These microbial communities play a significant role in the microbialloop as well as in global biogeochemical cycles...
glutamate through the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase pathway. The microbial nif genes required for nitrogen fixation are widely distributed in diverse...
coined the term microbialloop. This 1983 paper involved a synthesis between a number of leaders in the (then) young field of microbial ecology, specifically...
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