A mesne lord (/miːn/[1]) was a lord in the feudal system who had vassals who held land from him, but who was himself the vassal of a higher lord. Owing to Quia Emptores, the concept of a mesne lordship technically still exists today: the partitioning of the lord of the manor's estate among co-heirs creating the mesne lordships.[2][3][4]
In an English court of law in 1863, it was claimed that "the lord of the mesne manor pays a rent to a superior lord and that rent empowers him to receive chief rents from certain farms".[5]
A mesne lord did not hold land directly of the king, that is to say he was not a tenant-in-chief. His subinfeudated estate was called a "mesne estate" or Afterlehen in the Holy Roman Empire. Traditionally, he is a lord of the manor who holds land from a superior lord and who usually lets some of the land to a tenant. He was thus an intermediate or "middle" tenant, which status is reflected in the Old French word mesne, in the modern French language moyen.[6][7]
The mesne lordship of Potter Newton was probably held in 1166 by Herbert de Arches. Mesne lords continued to exist after the abolition of any further subinfeudation by the statute of Quia Emptores (1290). However, with time and the loss of records (except in the case of former copyhold land), it came to be assumed that most land was held directly of the Crown.[8][9][10]
The title of a mesne lord remained a legal entity throughout the 19th century; in 1815, Encyclopaedia Londinensiss records that a "Lord mesne is the owner of a manor and by virtue thereof hath tenants holding of him in fee, and by copy of court roll; and yet holds himself of a superior lord called Lord Paramount".[11][12] However, escheat in want of heirs to mesne lords was abolished by the Administration of Estates Act 1925.[13]
^"mesne". Oxford English Dictionary third edition. Oxford University Press. September 2001. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
^Pickering, W. (1870). "Archaeologia Cambrensis". W. Pickering, 1870. p. 13. Retrieved 2 May 2018. The Normans...created sub or mesne manors, corresponding to their new partition of the estates.
^Megarry, R. (2012). The Law of Real Property. Sweet & Maxwell, 2012. p. 29. ISBN 9780414045965. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
^Hicks, M. (2012). The Fifteenth-century Inquisitions Post Mortem: A Companion. Boydell Press - 2012. p. 14. ISBN 9781843837121. Retrieved 3 May 2018. ...land was held of tenants-in-chiefs and mesne lords...Also significant was the partition of estates among co-heirs...
^Duke of Beaufort, Henry Charles Fitzroy Somerset (1863). In the Common Pleas His Grace the Duke of Beaufort Against John Crawshay Bailey and Others. Watkins, Hooper, Baylis, and Baker. p. 57.
^Sir William Searle (2002). An historical introduction to the land law page 105 & page 106. ISBN 9781584772620.
^"Mesne lord". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 13 January 2019. Mesne lord - A lord in the middle of the feudal hierarchy, i.e. a lord of a manor who held land from a superior lord and who let the land to a tenant.
^Megarry, Wade and Harpum (2012), The Law of Real Property (8th Edition), 2-018 (p.29)
^Does feudalism have a role in 21st century land law? (Charles Harpum)
^Faull, M. (1981). West Yorkshire : an Archaeological Survey to A.D. 1500: The administrative and tenurial framework. West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council, 1981. ISBN 9780861810017. Retrieved 13 January 2019. Potter Newton. Map 19 shows the whole of Gipton as forming part of the manor of Kippax, but this may be an ... Potter Newton The mesne lordship of Potter Newton was probably held in 1166 by Herbert de Arches, who held two knights' fees....
^Wilkes, J. (1815). "Encyclopaedia Londinensis, Volume 13". J. Wilkes, 1815. p. 661. Retrieved 15 January 2019. Chapter - LORD:Lord is also a title......Lord mesne is the owner of a manor and by virtue thereof hath tenants holding of him in fee, and by copy of court roll; and yet holds himself of a superior lord called Lord Paramount.
^The Jurist, Volume 10, Part 1. S Sweet, 1865. 1865. pp. 893–895. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
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Historically a lord of the manor could either be a tenant-in-chief if he held a capital manor directly from the Crown, or a mesnelord if he was the vassal...
feudal obligations such as military service. This was distinguished from a mesnelord who held his own fief from a superior. The term paramount derives from...
several legal phrases. A mesnelord is a landlord who has tenants holding under him, while himself holding of a superior lord. Similar ideas are subinfeudation...
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before) as a "medieval term for 'tenant slightly below a baron.'" Feu Mesnelord One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication...
actual land deed itself. The legal owner of the manor land remained the mesnelord, who was legally the copyholder, according to the titles and customs written...
part of the contract with the lord of the manor, they were expected to spend some of their time working on the lord's fields in return for land. Villeins...
the Crown or sovereign through the Court of the Lord Lyon, and by issuance of a warrant from the Lord Lyon King of Arms is so entered in the Public Register...
John de Vere, Earl of Oxford; and the troops of Thomas, Lord Stanley. Stanley was a powerful lord in northwest England. But he was stepfather of Henry Tudor...
he would become overlord to the person so enfeoffed, and a mesnelord (i.e. intermediate lord) within the longer historical chain of title. In modern English...
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undivided moiety, i.e. the rights of a mesnelord of the manor of Potternewton, and not the exclusive ownership of a lord paramount. Not only landholdings but...
During homage, the lord and vassal entered into a contract in which the vassal promised to fight for the lord at his command, whilst the lord agreed to protect...
Feudal titles and status Lord paramount / Territorial lord Tenant-in-chief MesnelordLord of the manor / Overlord / Vogt / Liege lord Esquire / Gentleman...
They were characterized by the low rents which they paid to their manorial lord. They were subject to fewer laws and ties than villeins. The term may also...
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appears in Domesday Book of 1086 as Leret and was held by Osbern de Ow as a mesnelord to William I. Its Domesday assets were one church, belonging to Ewell...
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delegated to perform some of the secular responsibilities of a major feudal lord, or for an institution such as an abbey. Many such positions developed, especially...