Relief showing Mentuhotep II in front of Montu from his mortuary temple in Deir el Bahri, Londres
Pharaoh
Reign
2060–2009 BC[1]
Predecessor
Intef III
Successor
Mentuhotep III
Royal titulary
Horus name
Sematawy Sm3-t3.w(j) He who unifies the two lands
Nebty name
Sematawy Sm3-t3.w(j) He who unifies the two lands
Golden Horus
Biknebu Qashuti Bjk-nbw-q3-šwtj The Golden Falcon, lofty in plumes
Abydos King List Nebhepetre Nb-ḥ3pt-Rˁ The Lord of the rudder is Ra
Karnak king list Nebhepetre Nb-ḥ3pt-Rˁ The Lord of the rudder is Ra
Turin King List Nebhepetre Nb-ḥ3pt-Rˁ The Lord of the rudder is Ra
[2]
Prenomen (Praenomen)
Nebhepetre Nb-ḥ3pt-Rˁ The Lord of the rudder is Ra[3]
Nomen
Mentuhotep Mn-ṯw-ḥtp Montu is content[4]
Consort
Tem, Neferu II, Ashayet, Henhenet, Kawit, Kemsit, Sadeh
Children
Mentuhotep III, Mayet(?)
Father
Intef III
Mother
Iah
Died
2009 BC ?
Burial
mortuary temple at Deir-el-Bahri
Dynasty
11th Dynasty
Mentuhotep II (Ancient Egyptian: Mn-ṯw-ḥtp, meaning "Mentu is satisfied"), also known under his prenomen Nebhepetre (Ancient Egyptian: Nb-ḥpt-Rˁ, meaning "The Lord of the rudder is Ra"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh, the sixth ruler of the Eleventh Dynasty. He is credited with reuniting Egypt, thus ending the turbulent First Intermediate Period and becoming the first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom. He reigned for 51 years, according to the Turin King List.[5] Mentuhotep II succeeded his father Intef III on the throne and was in turn succeeded by his son Mentuhotep III.
Mentuhotep II ascended Egypt's throne in the Upper Egyptian city of Thebes during the First Intermediate Period. Egypt was not unified during this time, and the Tenth Dynasty, rival to Mentuhotep's Eleventh, ruled Lower Egypt from Herakleopolis. After the Herakleopolitan kings desecrated the sacred ancient royal necropolis of Abydos in Upper Egypt in the fourteenth year of Mentuhotep's reign, Pharaoh Mentuhotep II dispatched his armies north to conquer Lower Egypt. Continuing his father Intef III's conquests, Mentuhotep succeeded in unifying his country, probably shortly before his 39th year on the throne.[6][7] Following and in recognition of the unification, in regnal year 39, he changed his titulary to Shematawy (Ancient Egyptian: Šmˁ-tȝ.w(j), meaning "He who unifies the two lands").[8]
Following the unification, Mentuhotep II reformed Egypt's government. To reverse the decentralization of power, which contributed to the collapse of the Old Kingdom and marked the First Intermediate Period, he centralized the state in Thebes to strip nomarchs of some of their power over the regions. Mentuhotep II also created new governmental posts whose occupants were Theban men loyal to him, giving the pharaoh more control over his country. Officials from the capital travelled the country regularly to control regional leaders.[9]
Mentuhotep II was buried at the Theban necropolis of Deir el-Bahari. His mortuary temple was one of Mentuhotep II's most ambitious building-projects, and included several architectural and religious innovations. For example, it included terraces and covered walkways around the central structure, and it was the first mortuary temple that identified the pharaoh with the god Osiris. His temple inspired several later temples, such as those of Hatshepsut and Thutmose III of the Eighteenth Dynasty.[9] Some depictions of Mentuhotep II seem to indicate that he suffered from elephantiasis, resulting in swollen legs.[10][11]
^Stewart, John (2006). African States and Rulers (Third ed.). London: McFarland. p. 81. ISBN 0-7864-2562-8.
^Alan H. Gardiner: The royal canon of Turin.
^"Ancient Egypt - Dynasty XI". www.narmer.pl.
^Peter Clayton: Chronicle of the Pharaohs: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers and Dynasties of Ancient Egypt, Thames & Hudson, p. 72. 2006. ISBN 0-500-28628-0
^"The Ancient Egypt Site". www.ancient-egypt.org.
^Grajetzki, The Middle Kingdom, p. 19
^Franke, Detlef (1988). "Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches Teil II: Die sogenannte "Zweite Zwischenzeit" Altägyptens". Orientalia. Nova Series (in German). 57 (3). Gregorian Biblical Press: 133. ISSN 0030-5367. JSTOR 3793107.
^Vandersleyen, Claude (1994). "La titulature de Montouhotep II". In Bryan, Betsy Morrell; Lorton, David (eds.). Essays in Egyptology in honor of Hans Goedicke (in Italian). San Antonio, Texas: Van Siclen Books. pp. 317–320. ISBN 093317540X. OCLC 34552368.
^ abCallender, Gae (2003) [2000]. "The Middle Kingdom Renaissance (c.2055–1650 BC)". In Shaw, Ian (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780191604621.
^"History of Parasitology". Cairo University Parasitology Department. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
^"Statue of King Mentuhotep II in the Jubilee Garment (c. 2051-2000 B.C.) From Thebes, Deir el-Bahri". Research Gate. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
MentuhotepII (Ancient Egyptian: Mn-ṯw-ḥtp, meaning "Mentu is satisfied"), also known under his prenomen Nebhepetre (Ancient Egyptian: Nb-ḥpt-Rˁ, meaning...
Alternatively, Mentuhotep I may be a fictional figure created during the later Eleventh Dynasty, which rose to prominence under Intef II and MentuhotepII, playing...
Canon. Mentuhotep III succeeded his father MentuhotepII to the throne. It is believed that, following his father's long 51 years of reign, Mentuhotep III...
However, it is also possible that he was a son of MentuhotepII, thus a brother or half-brother of Mentuhotep III. The fact that he has been omitted from several...
of MentuhotepIIMentuhotep IV, successor of Mentuhotep III, possibly overthrown by Amenemhat I, founder of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt Mentuhotep V,...
1782 BC, stretching from the reunification of Egypt under the reign of MentuhotepII in the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty. The kings...
Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep added a relief to the Mortuarty Temple of MentuhotepII. Three Nile level records from Semna and Kumna in Nubia are also attributable...
a well-attested group of rulers. Its earlier members before Pharaoh MentuhotepII are grouped with the four preceding dynasties to form the First Intermediate...
divided in two kingdoms. The son of his predecessor Intef II and father of his successor MentuhotepII, Intef III reigned for 8 years over Upper Egypt and extended...
Hammamat under his predecessor Mentuhotep IV, and possibly overthrew him from power. Scholars differ as to whether Mentuhotep IV was killed by Amenemhat I...
the head of civil administration for the country. MentuhotepII was succeeded by his son, Mentuhotep III, who organized an expedition to Punt. His reign...
Amenhotep II (sometimes called Amenophis II and meaning "Amun is Satisfied") was the seventh pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt. He inherited...
official Meketre was chancellor and high steward during the reign of MentuhotepII, Mentuhotep III and perhaps Amenemhat I, during the Middle Kingdom. Meketre...
In its design it was heavily influenced by the adjacent Temple of MentuhotepII of the Eleventh Dynasty built six centuries earlier. In the arrangement...
Theban kings and to the reunification of Egypt under a single ruler, MentuhotepII, during the second part of the Eleventh Dynasty. This event marked the...
Iah MentuhotepII and his full sister Neferu II Senusret I and his half-sister Neferu III Senusret II and his sisters Khenemetneferhedjet I, Nofret II, Itaweret...
and shortly after his death his kingdom was conquered by the Theban MentuhotepII, marking the beginning of the Middle Kingdom. The existence of his pyramid...
Nebuchadnezzar II (/nɛbjʊkədˈnɛzər/; Babylonian cuneiform: Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, meaning "Nabu, watch over my heir"; Biblical Hebrew: נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר Nəḇūḵaḏneʾṣṣar)...
Elder, starting with Mentuhotep I, became independent from their northern overlords and eventually conquered Egypt under MentuhotepII. The Middle Kingdom...
Ramesses II (/ˈræməsiːz, ˈræmsiːz, ˈræmziːz/; Ancient Egyptian: rꜥ-ms-sw, Rīꜥa-masē-sə, Ancient Egyptian pronunciation: [ɾiːʕamaˈseːsə]; c. 1303 BC – 1213...
Middle Kingdom is marked by the reunification of ancient Egypt under MentuhotepII. As with many other dynasties, the 11th Dynasty family tree is partially...
Kingdom, and the statues produced by Amenhotep I clearly copied those of MentuhotepII and Senusret I. The two types are so similar that modern Egyptologists...
Mahat chapel of Nebhepetre MentuhotepII is an ancient Egyptian funerary chapel (Egyptian: mahat) built by king MentuhotepII (reigned c. 2046 BC – 1995...
Scorpion II (Ancient Egyptian: possibly Selk or Weha), also known as King Scorpion, was a ruler during the Protodynastic Period of Upper Egypt (c. 3200–3000 BCE)...
nomarch) Hotepsekhemwy (2nd dynasty) Mentuhotep I, MentuhotepII, Mentuhotep III, Mentuhotep IV, Mentuhotep V and Mentuhotep VI (11th to 16th dynasties) Amenemhat...
Neferu II was the wife and sister of the ancient Egyptian king MentuhotepII who ruled in the 11th Dynasty, around 2000 BC. Neferu is mainly known from...
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