Membrane estrogen receptors (mERs) are a group of receptors which bind estrogen.[1][2] Unlike nuclear estrogen receptors, which mediate their effects via slower genomic mechanisms, mERs are cell surface receptors that rapidly alter cell signaling via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades.[3][4]
Nuclear estrogen receptors such as ERα and ERβ become mERs through palmitoylation, a post-translational modification that enhances ER association with caveolin-1 to enable trafficking of ERs to the membrane or membrane caveolae.[5][6] Other putative mERs include GPER (GPR30), GPRC6A, ER-X, ERx and Gq-mER.[3][7][8][9]
^Soltysik K, Czekaj P (April 2013). "Membrane estrogen receptors - is it an alternative way of estrogen action?". Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 64 (2): 129–142. PMID 23756388.
^ abMicevych PE, Mermelstein PG (August 2008). "Membrane estrogen receptors acting through metabotropic glutamate receptors: an emerging mechanism of estrogen action in brain". Molecular Neurobiology. 38 (1): 66–77. doi:10.1007/s12035-008-8034-z. PMC 2663000. PMID 18670908.
^Razandi M, Pedram A, Greene GL, Levin ER (February 1999). "Cell membrane and nuclear estrogen receptors (ERs) originate from a single transcript: studies of ERalpha and ERbeta expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells". Molecular Endocrinology. 13 (2): 307–319. doi:10.1210/mend.13.2.0239. PMID 9973260.
^Razandi M, Alton G, Pedram A, Ghonshani S, Webb P, Levin ER (March 2003). "Identification of a structural determinant necessary for the localization and function of estrogen receptor alpha at the plasma membrane". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 23 (5): 1633–1646. doi:10.1128/MCB.23.5.1633-1646.2003. PMC 151696. PMID 12588983.
^Levin ER (December 2009). "Plasma membrane estrogen receptors". Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 20 (10): 477–482. doi:10.1016/j.tem.2009.06.009. PMC 3589572. PMID 19783454.
Membraneestrogenreceptors (mERs) are a group of receptors which bind estrogen. Unlike nuclear estrogenreceptors, which mediate their effects via slower...
nuclear estrogenreceptors (ERα and ERβ), which are members of the nuclear receptor family of intracellular receptors, and membraneestrogenreceptors (mERs)...
estrogenreceptors (ERs) which in turn modulate the expression of many genes. Additionally, estrogens bind to and activate rapid-signaling membrane estrogen...
hormone receptors are found in the nucleus, cytosol, and also on the plasma membrane of target cells. They are generally intracellular receptors (typically...
Estrogenreceptor alpha (ERα), also known as NR3A1 (nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group A, member 1), is one of two main types of estrogenreceptor, a...
surface receptors built into the plasma membrane of cells and are thus referred to as trans membranereceptors. An example of this is Actrapid. Receptors for...
PMID 15196329. Zivadinovic D, Gametchu B, Watson CS (2005). "Membraneestrogenreceptor-alpha levels in MCF-7 breast cancer cells predict cAMP and proliferation...
G protein-coupled estrogenreceptor 1 (GPER), also known as G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the GPER gene...
Membrane mineralocorticoid receptors (mMRs) or membrane aldosterone receptors are a group of receptors which bind and are activated by mineralocorticoids...
Cell surface receptors (membranereceptors, transmembrane receptors) are receptors that are embedded in the plasma membrane of cells. They act in cell...
PMID 17222505. Soltysik K, Czekaj P (April 2013). "Membraneestrogenreceptors - is it an alternative way of estrogen action?". Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology...
tyrosine-protein kinase MER, a human enzyme Membraneestrogenreceptor, or mER, a receptor for estrogen Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase MER (or...
ERx is a putative membraneestrogenreceptor (mER) of which little is currently known. It was discovered as a gene transcription signature induced by estradiol...
protein-coupled estrogenreceptor (GPER), a membraneestrogenreceptor. This may be involved in estradiol glucuronide-induced cholestasis. Estrogen glucuronides...
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and are analogous to selective estrogenreceptor degraders (SERDs) like fulvestrant (a drug used to treat estrogenreceptor-positive breast cancer). Similarly...
bioidentical estrogen, or an agonist of the estrogenreceptor, the biological target of estrogens like endogenous estradiol. Due to its estrogenic activity...
protein receptors needed for sperm binding which, in turn, are bound to sperm plasma membranereceptors. The species-specificity between these receptors contributes...