Edna Mahan jailbreak 1981 Brink's robbery 1983 United States Senate bombing
Preceded by Black Liberation Army Weather Underground
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The May 19th Communist Organization (also variously referred to as the May 19 Coalition, May 19 Communist Coalition or M19CO) was a US-based far-left revolutionary group[1][2] formed by members of the Weather Underground Organization. The group was originally known as the New York chapter of the Prairie Fire Organizing Committee (PFOC), an organization devoted to promoting the causes of the Weather Underground legally, as part of the Prairie Fire Manifesto's change in Weather Underground Organization strategy, which demanded both aboveground mass movements and clandestine organizations. The role of the clandestine organization would be to build the "consciousness of action" and prepare the way for the development of a people's militia. Concurrently, the role of the mass movement, the above-ground Prairie Fire Collective, would include the support for and the encouragement of armed action. Such an alliance would, according to Weather, "help create the 'sea' for the guerrillas to swim in."[3] The M19CO name was derived from the birthdays of Ho Chi Minh and Malcolm X.[4] The May 19 Communist Organization was active from 1978 to 1985. M19CO was a combination of the Black Liberation Army and the Weather Underground. It also included members of the Black Panthers, White Panthers, and the Republic of New Afrika (RNA).[5][6]
In addition to the May 19th Communist Organization being made up of the Black Liberation Army, the group was formed because of infighting in the Weather Underground Organization.[7] Following the split of the Weather Underground Organization into factions, the faction that favored more extreme actions to achieve its objectives joined the Black Liberation Army, forming the May 19th Communist Organization. One of the founders, Laura Whitehorn, was also part of the Weather Underground Organization's predecessor, the Students for a Democratic Society. In addition to being known as the May 19th Communist Organization and the New York chapter of the Prairie Fire Organizing Committee, the group was also known as the Armed Resistance Movement, the Red Guerilla Resistance, Resistance Conspiracy, and Revolutionary Fighting Group.[8] Despite these other monikers, the group was most popularly known as the May 19th Communist Organization, predicated on the Communist Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh's birthday.[9]
^Smith, Brent L. (1994). Terrorism in America : pipe bombs and pipe dreams. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-585-06052-5. OCLC 42855404. Archived from the original on 2022-02-15. Retrieved 2023-01-05.
^Rosenau, William (2019). Tonight we bombed the U.S. Capitol : the explosive story of M19, America's first female terrorist group (First Atria Books hardcover ed.). New York. ISBN 978-1-5011-7012-6. OCLC 1096235272. Archived from the original on 2022-01-09. Retrieved 2023-01-05.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^
Jacobs, Ron (1997). The Way The Wind Blew: A History Of The Weather Underground. Verso. pp. 76–77. ISBN 978-1-85984-167-9. Retrieved December 28, 2009.
^Let freedom ring : a collection of documents from the movements to free U.S. political prisoners. Meyer, Matt. Montreal, Quebec: Kersplebedeb. 2008. ISBN 9781604861471. OCLC 435638256.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^Karl a. Seger (2001). "Left-Wing Extremism: The Current Threat Prepared for U.S. Department of Energy Office of Safeguards and Security" (PDF). Oak Ridge, TN: Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education: Center for Human Reliability Studies ORISE 01-0439: 1. doi:10.2172/780410. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved December 27, 2009. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and the Responses to Terrorism, DHS (March 1, 2008). "Terrorist Organization Profile: May 19 Communist Order". National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and the Responses to Terrorism. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
^Kushner, Harvey (2003), "May 19 Communist Organization", Encyclopedia of Terrorism (1 ed.), SAGE Publications, Inc., pp. 224, doi:10.4135/9781412952590, ISBN 9780761924081, retrieved 2019-05-02
^"May 19 Communist Order (M19CO) | Terrorist Groups | TRAC". www.trackingterrorism.org. Archived from the original on 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2019-05-02.
^"May 19 Communist Order (M19CO)". TRAC Terrorism. Archived from the original on 2020-05-02. Retrieved 2020-05-07.
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it was defunct by 1977. Some members of the WUO joined the May19thCommunistOrganization and continued their activities until that group disbanded in...
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activist, formerly a member of the Weather Underground and the May19thCommunistOrganization (M19). Her mother was the researcher Ruth Clark. In 1967, she...
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extremism" is the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), an American nonprofit organization that monitors hate groups and extremists in the United States. Authors...
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historically in flux and they also varied from group to group. Martin Delany in the 19th century and Marcus Garvey in the 1920s outspokenly called for African Americans...
Collective (MBGC) was the propaganda arm affiliated with the May19thCommunistOrganization in the United States. It was active from 1977 until the MBGC...
founded in 1968 as the Republic of New Africa, is a black nationalist organization and black separatist movement in the United States popularized by black...
Rutgers University Press. ISBN 978-0-8135-2312-5. Maxine Leeds Craig (24 May 2002). Ain't I a Beauty Queen? : Black Women, Beauty, and the Politics of...
Conspiracy was a United States-based branch of the wider communistorganization known as the May19thCommunist Order. This group existed from its first attack...