"Electrographic" redirects here. For other uses, see Electrography (disambiguation).
Main article: Unit record equipment
A sample mark sense punched card
Electrographic is a term used for punched-card and page-scanning technology that allowed cards or pages marked with a pencil to be processed or converted into punched cards. The primary developer of electrographic systems was IBM, who used mark sense as a trade name for both the forms and processing system. The term has since come to be used generically for any technology allowing marks made using ordinary writing implements to be processed, encompassing both optical mark recognition and electrographic technology.
The term "mark sense" is not generally used when referring to technology that distinguishes the shape of the mark; the general term optical character recognition is generally used when mark shapes are distinguished. Because the term mark-sense was originally a trade name, the Federal Government generally used the term electrographic.
In the 1940s, 50s, and 60s, mark sense technology was widely used for applications like processing meter readings recordings on turnaround documents and recording long distance telephone calls. Many thousands of pencils were made expressly for mark sense applications by the Dur-O-Lite Pencil Company and by the Autopoint Company. Many of the pencils made for the "Bell System" were stamped "MARK SENSE LEAD" and for the Federal Government, "US Government Electrographic."
In the early 1930s, science teacher Reynold B. Johnson developed an automatic test scoring machine. IBM bought Johnson's invention and hired him as an engineer - the machine was sold as the IBM 805 Test Scoring Machine. The first large-scale use of the IBM 805 was by the American Council on Education's Cooperative Test Service in 1936; in 1947, the Cooperative Test Service became part of the Educational Testing Service. Johnson went on to develop a range of electrographic mark-sense machinery.
Various IBM equipment could be used with mark sense cards including the IBM 513 and IBM 514 Reproducing Punches, the IBM 557 Alphabetic Interpreter, and the IBM 519 Electric Document Originating Machine.
marksense as a trade name for both the forms and processing system. The term has since come to be used generically for any technology allowing marks...
via an optical scanner. The first marksense scanner was the IBM 805 Test Scoring Machine; this read marks by sensing the electrical conductivity of graphite...
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Complicated Love Story". New York Times. Holcomb, Mark (1 February 2012). "Perfect Sense". Village Voice. "Perfect Sense". The A.V. Club. 9 February 2012. "UK Box...
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math problems mentally—no calculators, scratch-work, or mark-outs are allowed. The term number sense involves several concepts of magnitude, ranking, comparison...
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Mark, and Jaehyun performed a dance, there was a song teaser vocal by Taeyong, Doyoung, Jaehyun, Mark, & Haechan. The music video for "The 7th Sense"...
could take some time. Earlier versions used punched cards, sometimes with marksense technology, but nowadays, we use the internet to send payments to a credit...
nations, palladium. In a more general sense, the term hallmark can also be used to refer to any distinguishing mark. Historically, hallmarks were applied...
paper ballots and tally the results. While marksense technology dates back to the 1930s and optical mark recognition dates to the 1950s, these technologies...
2010 until it resigned from the organization in 2012. Marksense Tabulating machine Optical mark recognition Optical character recognition Course evaluation...
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is always much paler than that of the text itself.: 17 They appear to marksense divisions (similar to verse numbering found in Bibles), and are also found...
A Sense of Purpose is the ninth studio album by Swedish heavy metal band In Flames, first released in Japan on 26 March 2008. It was released on 1 April...
accounting machine, such as totals from a group of processed cards "marksense" — detect marks made with an electrographic pencil in designated locations on...
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beginning in 1937. The device scored answer sheets marked with special "marksense" pencils. The machine was developed from a prototype developed by Reynold...
of the Year, Life Time Achievement. National Sense of Smell Day is an annual event sponsored by the Sense of Smell Institute. It is held on the last Saturday...
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