Global InformationMaria Theresa information
| Maria Theresa | |||||
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 Portrait by Martin van Meytens, 1759 | |||||
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| Tenure | 13 September 1745 – 18 August 1765 | ||||
| Queen of Bohemia | |||||
| 1st reign | 20 October 1740 – 19 December 1741 | ||||
| Predecessor | Charles II | ||||
| Successor | Charles Albert | ||||
| 2nd reign | 12 May 1743 – 29 November 1780 | ||||
| Coronation | 12 May 1743 | ||||
| Predecessor | Charles Albert | ||||
| Successor | Joseph II | ||||
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| Reign | 20 October 1740 – 29 November 1780 | ||||
| Coronation | 25 June 1741 | ||||
| Predecessor | Charles III | ||||
| Successor | Joseph II | ||||
| Born | 13 May 1717 Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire | ||||
| Died | 29 November 1780 (aged 63) Vienna, Archduchy of Austria, Holy Roman Empire | ||||
| Burial | Imperial Crypt | ||||
| Spouse |
Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
(m. 1736; died 1765) | ||||
| Issue more... |
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| House | Habsburg | ||||
| Father | Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor | ||||
| Mother | Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel | ||||
| Religion | Catholic Church | ||||
| Signature |  | ||||
Maria Theresa (Maria Theresia Walburga Amalia Christina; 13 May 1717 – 29 November 1780) was ruler of the Habsburg dominions from 1740 until her death in 1780, and the only woman to hold the position suo jure (in her own right). She was the sovereign of Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia, Transylvania, Mantua, Milan, Galicia and Lodomeria, the Austrian Netherlands, and Parma. By marriage, she was Duchess of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, and Holy Roman Empress.
Maria Theresa started her 40-year reign when her father, Emperor Charles VI, died on 20 October 1740. Charles VI paved the way for her accession with the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and spent his entire reign securing it. He neglected the advice of Prince Eugene of Savoy, who believed that a strong military and a rich treasury were more important than mere signatures. Eventually, Charles VI left behind a weakened and impoverished state, particularly due to the War of the Polish Succession and the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739). Moreover, upon his death, Saxony, Prussia, Bavaria, and France all repudiated the sanction they had recognised during his lifetime. Frederick II of Prussia (who became Maria Theresa's greatest rival for most of her reign) promptly invaded and took the affluent Habsburg province of Silesia in the eight-year conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession. In defiance of the grave situation, she managed to secure the vital support of the Hungarians for the war effort. During the course of the war, Maria Theresa successfully defended her rule over most of the Habsburg monarchy, apart from the loss of Silesia and a few minor territories in Italy. Maria Theresa later unsuccessfully tried to recover Silesia during the Seven Years' War.
Although she was expected to cede power to her husband, Emperor Francis I, and her eldest son, Emperor Joseph II, who were officially her co-rulers in Austria and Bohemia, Maria Theresa ruled as an autocratic sovereign with the counsel of her advisers. She promulgated institutional, financial, medical and educational reforms, with the assistance of Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg, Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz, and Gerard van Swieten. She also promoted commerce and the development of agriculture, and reorganised Austria's ramshackle military, all of which strengthened Austria's international standing. She despised Jews and Protestants, and on certain occasions she ordered their expulsion to remote parts of the realm. She also advocated for the state church.