Manipur | |
---|---|
State | |
State of Manipur | |
| |
Anthem: Sana Leibak Manipur (Meitei for 'Manipur, Land of Gold')[1] | |
Coordinates: 24°49′N 93°56′E / 24.81°N 93.94°E | |
Country | India |
Region | Northeast India |
Before was | Manipur Kingdom |
Admission to union | 15 October 1949[2] |
As union territory | 1956 |
As state | 1972 |
Capital and largest city | Imphal |
Districts | 16 |
Government | |
• Body | Government of Manipur |
• Governor | Anusuiya Uikey[3] |
• Chief minister | N. Biren Singh[4] (BJP) |
State Legislature | Unicameral |
• Assembly | Manipur Legislative Assembly (60 seats) |
National Parliament | Parliament of India |
• Rajya Sabha | 1 seat |
• Lok Sabha | 2 seats |
High Court | Manipur High Court |
Area | |
• Total | 22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi) |
• Rank | 23rd |
Population (2011)[5] | |
• Total | 2,855,794 |
• Rank | 23rd |
• Density | 130/km2 (300/sq mi) |
• Urban | 30.21% |
• Rural | 69.79% |
Language | |
• Official | Manipuri |
• Official script | Meitei script |
GDP | |
• Total (2024–25) | ₹0.527 lakh crore (US$6.6 billion) |
• Rank | 28th |
• Per capita | ₹91,559 (US$1,100) (27th) |
Time zone | UTC+05:30 (IST) |
ISO 3166 code | IN-MN |
Vehicle registration | MN |
HDI (2018) | 0.696[6] (15th) |
Literacy (2011) | 76.94% (18th) |
Sex ratio (2011) | 985♀/1000 ♂ |
Website | manipur |
Symbols of Manipur | |
Song | Sana Leibak Manipur (Meitei for 'Manipur, Land of Gold')[1] |
Bird | Nongin (Meitei for 'Syrmaticus humiae') |
Fish | Pengba (Meitei for 'Osteobrama belangeri')[7] |
Flower | Shirui lily (Lilium mackliniae) |
Mammal | Sangai (Meitei for 'Cervus eldi eldi') |
Tree | Uningthou (Meitei for 'Phoebe hainesiana') |
List of Indian state symbols |
Manipur (/ˌmʌnɪˈpʊər/,[8] US also /ˌmænɪˈpʊər/;[9] Meitei: Kangleipak[a][10][11][12]) is a state in northeast India, with the city of Imphal as its capital.[13] It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west. It also borders two regions of Myanmar, Sagaing Region to the east and Chin State to the south. The state covers an area of 22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi). The official and most widely spoken language is the Meitei language (officially known as Manipuri). Native to the Meitei people, it is also used as a lingua franca by smaller communities, who speak a variety of other Tibeto-Burman languages.[14] Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years.[15] This exchange connects the Indian subcontinent and Central Asia to Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, regions in the Arctic, Micronesia and Polynesia enabling migration of people, cultures and religions.[16][17]
During the days of the British Raj, the Manipur was one of the princely states.[18] On 11 August 1947, Maharaja Bodhachandra Singh signed an Instrument of Accession, argued by many that the king was in no legal position to sign the instrument of accession at the time, [19][20][21] under the agreement Bodhachandra Singh accede to the new Indian Union .[22][23] Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, disputed as having been done without consultation of the popular ministry under Manipur State Constitution Act 1947 and denial of the king's request to return to Manipur to discuss the same with his people.[24][25][26][27] Under 'duress' and 'coercion' Bodhachandra Singh signed the merger agreement merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a Part C State.[28][29][30] Followed by contestation of the merger by groups in Manipur, resulting in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India.[31] From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people.[32]
The Meitei people[33] represent around 53% of the population of Manipur state, followed by various Naga tribes at 20% and Kuki-Zo tribes at 16%.[34] Manipur's ethnic groups practice a variety of religions.[35] According to 2011 census, Hinduism and Christianity are the major religions of the state.[35][36] Between the 1961 and 2011 censuses of India, the share of Hindus in the state declined from 62% to 41%, while the share of Christians rose from 19% to 41%.[37][better source needed]
Manipur has primarily an agrarian economy, with significant hydroelectric power generation potential. It is connected to other areas by daily flights through Imphal Airport, the second largest in northeastern India.[38] Manipur is home to many sports and the origin of Manipuri dance,[39] and is credited with introducing polo to Europeans.[40]
Furthermore, Section 9(b) of the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947, would certainly dispel any doubt about the titular status of the Maharaja, which was expressedly stated thus: 'The Maharaja means His Highness, the Maharaja of Manipur, the constitutional head of the state.' The Maharaja in his capacity as the constitutional ruler could not execute the Instrument without proper authorisation and constitutional endorsement. This was simply on account of the fact that he was not a sovereign ruler and that Manipur was not a sovereign state then. Therefore, the act of signing the Instrument of Accession on 11 August 1947 by the Maharaja could not be considered an Act of the State. Hence, the Instrument was deemed null and void right from the moment it was executed... For example, the Indian Dominion had never existed on or before 11 August 1947. Being so, it can be aptly said that the Maharaja acceded to a political non-entity. Therefore, it can be claimed that the Instrument was never executed in actuality. It was simply pre-judicial to execute the Instrument between two political entities which were yet to be born.
The Maharaja refused to sign the Merger Agreement without consulting his Council of Ministers and conveyed his desire to return to Manipur to obtain the approval of the people. Rejecting such a reasonable proposal, Nari Rustomji, Advisor to the Governor of Assam, suggested that the Maharaja might as well finalise the merger issue during that current visit only.. (Singh 1988: 106)
When maharaja Bodhchandra resisted the move to merge Manipur with the Indian union saying that he was only a constitutional monarch and he needed to consult his elected members of the state assembly, the representatives of the union government informed him that the GoI did not recognise the assembly
after six days of 'per-suasion', made to sign the Merger Agreement, thereby formally merging Manipur with the Union of India. Repeated pleas by the king that it was his desire to ultimately sign the agreement, but he be first allowed to go home and consult his assembly was turned down...
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