Mineral concretion on the sea bottom made of concentric layers of iron/manganese hydroxides
Manganese noduleNodules on the seabedFerromanganese nodules found on the seafloor
Polymetallic nodules, also called manganese nodules, are mineral concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides around a core. As nodules can be found in vast quantities, and contain valuable metals, deposits have been identified as a potential economic interest.[1] Depending on their composition and autorial choice, they may also be called ferromanganese nodules. Ferromanganese nodules are mineral concretions composed of silicates and insoluble iron and manganese oxides that form on the ocean seafloor and terrestrial soils. The formation mechanism involves a series of redox oscillations driven by both abiotic and biotic processes.[2] As a byproduct of pedogenesis, the specific composition of a ferromanganese nodule depends on the composition of the surrounding soil.[2] The formation mechanisms and composition of the nodules allow for couplings with biogeochemical cycles beyond iron and manganese.[2] The high relative abundance of nickel, copper, manganese, and other rare metals in nodules has increased interest in their use as a mining resource.[3][4]
Nodules vary in size from tiny particles visible only under a microscope to large pellets more than 20 centimetres (8 in) across. However, most nodules are between 3 and 10 cm (1 and 4 in) in diameter, about the size of hen's eggs or potatoes. Their surface textures vary from smooth to rough. They frequently have botryoidal (mammillated or knobby) texture and vary from spherical in shape to typically oblate, sometimes prolate, or are otherwise irregular. The bottom surface, buried in sediment, is generally rougher than the top due to a different type of growth.[5]
^Mero, John (1965). The mineral resources of the sea. Elsevier Oceanography Series.
^ abcHuang, Laiming (2022). "Pedogenic ferromanganese nodules and their impacts on nutrient cycles and heavy metal sequestration". Earth-Science Reviews. 232: 104147. Bibcode:2022ESRv..23204147H. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.104147. ISSN 0012-8252. S2CID 251353813.
^Verlaan, Philomène; Cronan, David (2022). "Origin and variability of resource-grade marine ferromanganese nodules and crusts in the Pacific Ocean: A review of biogeochemical and physical controls". Geochemistry. 82 (1): 125741. Bibcode:2022ChEG...82l5741V. doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2021.125741. ISSN 0009-2819. S2CID 234066886.
^Hein, James; Mizell, Kira; Koschinsky, Andrea; Conrad, Tracey (2013). "Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources". Ore Geology Reviews. 51: 1–14. Bibcode:2013OGRv...51....1H. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.12.001. ISSN 0169-1368.
^International Seabed Authority (2010). A Geological Model of Polymetallic Nodule Deposits in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone and Prospector's Guide for Polymetallic Nodule Deposits in the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone. International Seabed Authority. ISBN 978-976-95268-2-2.
Polymetallic nodules, also called manganesenodules, are mineral concretions on the sea bottom formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides...
abundant resource of manganese in the form of manganesenodules found on the ocean floor. These nodules, which are composed of 29% manganese, are located along...
Look up nodule in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Nodule may refer to: Nodule (geology), a small rock or mineral cluster Manganesenodule, a metallic...
as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese and a component of manganesenodules. The principal use for MnO 2 is for dry-cell batteries...
component of manganesenodules. The principal use for MnO2 is for dry-cell batteries, such as the alkaline battery and the zinc–carbon battery. Manganese(VII)...
Polymetallic nodules, also called manganesenodules, are mineral concretions on the sea floor formed of concentric layers of iron and manganese hydroxides...
yttrium. Polymetallic nodules/manganesenodules are found on abyssal plains, in a range of sizes, some as large as 15 cm long. Nodules are reported to have...
exploration for polymetallic nodules. These resources, also called manganesenodules, contain varying amounts of manganese, cobalt, copper and nickel....
recover it from manganesenodules. A Korean firm plans to start developing a manganesenodule recovery operation in 2010; the manganesenodules recovered would...
exploration company. The company focuses on the mining of polymetallic (manganese) nodules. In 2021, DeepGreen Metals was acquired by Sustainable Opportunities...
of national jurisdiction Manganesenodule – Mineral concretion on the sea bottom made of concentric layers of iron/manganese hydroxides Methane clathrate –...
operation in international waters about six years later used mining for manganesenodules as its cover. The company was nominally owned by Howard Hughes, secretly...
expected to exist in the Southern Ocean. Manganesenodules are expected to exist in the Southern Ocean. Manganesenodules are rock concretions on the sea bottom...
are derived from both terrestrial and submarine eruptions. Iron and manganesenodules form as direct precipitates from ocean-bottom water. The distributions...
include meteorite dust, fish bones and teeth, whale ear bones, and manganese micro-nodules. These pelagic sediments are typically bright red to chocolate...
Concretions of manganese and iron (and other metals) found on the ocean floor are called polymetallic nodules. They are sometimes called manganesenodules, after...
vents, cobalt-rich crusts on the sides of seamounts and fields of manganesenodules on the abyssal plains. While the seabed provides a high concentration...
the plateau to form the Gulf Stream, mineral deposits, particularly manganesenodules, have long been of interest. Methane and other gas hydrates are also...
mission is to explore and extract polymetallic nodules, which are composed of minerals like manganese, nickel, cobalt, copper and iron hydroxide. The...
isotopes have found practical application in dating marine sediments, manganesenodules, glacial ice, quartz in rock exposures, and meteorites. The ratio...
gravity of 3.49 – 3.82. It is a component of deep ocean basin manganesenodules. Manganese occurs in different oxidation states, including Mn2+, Mn3+ and...
"New deep-sea Tardigrada (Arthrotardigrada, Halechiniscidae) from a manganesenodule area of the eastern South Pacific". Zoologica Scripta, vol. 21, no...
place. Hughes told the media that the ship's purpose was to extract manganesenodules from the ocean floor. This marine geology cover story became surprisingly...
for deep sea mining. An estimated value of US$146 billion worth of manganesenodules are to be found six kilometres down on the ocean floor, particularly...
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