Maafa information

The Maafa (Swahili for "Great disaster"), the African Holocaust, the Holocaust of Enslavement, or the Black Holocaust^[1]^[2]^[3] are political neologisms popularized since 1988^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] to describe the history and ongoing effects of atrocities inflicted upon Black people worldwide. Of particular focus are those committed by non-Africans (specifically Europeans and Arabs in the context of the Trans-Saharan slave trade, the Indian Ocean slave trade and the Atlantic slave trade), which continue to the present day through imperialism, colonialism and other forms of oppression.^[4]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Maulana Karenga puts slavery in the broader context of the Maafa, suggesting that its effects exceed mere physical persecution and legal disenfranchisement: the "destruction of human possibility involved redefining African humanity to the world, poisoning past, present and future relations with others who only know us through this stereotyping and thus damaging the truly human relations among peoples".^[11]

The Canadian scholar Adam Jones characterized the mass death of millions of Africans in the Atlantic slave trade as a genocide due to it being "one of the worst holocausts in human history" because it resulted in 15 to 20 million deaths according to one estimate, and he claims that arguments to the contrary such as "it was in slave owners' interest to keep slaves alive, not exterminate them" are "mostly sophistry" by stating: "the killing and destruction were intentional, whatever the incentives to preserve survivors of the Atlantic passage for labor exploitation. To revisit the issue of intent already touched on: If an institution is deliberately maintained and expanded by discernible agents, though all are aware of the hecatombs of casualties it is inflicting on a definable human group, then why should this not qualify as genocide?"^[12]

^ William Wright points to the differences between black history, and African history, and argues that the African Holocaust is a major reason why these two histories are not synonymous: William D. Wright, Black History and Black Identity: A Call for a New Historiography, p. 117
^ "What Holocaust". Glenn Reitz. Archived from the original on 2007-10-18.
^ Ryan Michael Spitzer, "The African Holocaust: Should Europe pay reparations to Africa for Colonialism and Slavery?", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 35, 2002, p. 1319.
^ ^a ^b Barndt, Joseph. Understanding and Dismantling Racism: The Twenty-First Century. 2007, page 269.
^ The Global African: A Portrait of Ali A. Mazrui. Omari H. Kokole.
^ ^a ^b "Reparations for the Slave Trade: Rhetoric, Law, History and Political Realities"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
^ ^a ^b Jones, Lee and West, Cornel. Making It on Broken Promises: Leading African American Male Scholars Confront the Culture of Higher Education. 2002, p. 178.
^ Wright, William D. (2001). Black History and Black Identity: A Call for a New Historiography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275974428.
^ The Global African: A Portrait of Ali A. Mazrui. Omari H. Kokole.
^ Ryan Michael Spitzer, "The African Holocaust: Should Europe pay reparations to Africa for Colonialism and Slavery?", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 35, 2002, p. 1319.
^ "Letter by Maulana Karenga, 2001". H-net.msu.edu. 2010-04-29. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-10-14.
^ Jones, Adam (2006). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Publishers. pp. 23-24 ISBN 978-0-415-35385-4.

[1] William Wright points to the differences between black history, and African history, and argues that the African Holocaust is a major reason why these two histories are not synonymous: William D. Wright, Black History and Black Identity: A Call for a New Historiography, p. 117

[Temple_News-2] "What Holocaust". Glenn Reitz. Archived from the original on 2007-10-18.

[3] Ryan Michael Spitzer, "The African Holocaust: Should Europe pay reparations to Africa for Colonialism and Slavery?", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 35, 2002, p. 1319.

[Barndt,_Joseph_2007,_page_269-4] Barndt, Joseph. Understanding and Dismantling Racism: The Twenty-First Century. 2007, page 269.

[5] The Global African: A Portrait of Ali A. Mazrui. Omari H. Kokole.

[humanrights.uconn.edu-6] "Reparations for the Slave Trade: Rhetoric, Law, History and Political Realities"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-10-14.

[joneswest-7] Jones, Lee and West, Cornel. Making It on Broken Promises: Leading African American Male Scholars Confront the Culture of Higher Education. 2002, p. 178.

[8] Wright, William D. (2001). Black History and Black Identity: A Call for a New Historiography. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275974428.

[9] The Global African: A Portrait of Ali A. Mazrui. Omari H. Kokole.

[10] Ryan Michael Spitzer, "The African Holocaust: Should Europe pay reparations to Africa for Colonialism and Slavery?", Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 35, 2002, p. 1319.

[11] "Letter by Maulana Karenga, 2001". H-net.msu.edu. 2010-04-29. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-10-14.

[12] Jones, Adam (2006). Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Publishers. pp. 23-24 ISBN 978-0-415-35385-4.

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