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Liurai is a ruler's title on Timor. The word is Tetun and literally means "surpassing the earth".[1] It was originally associated with Wehali, a ritually central kingdom situated at the south coast of central Timor (now included in Indonesia). The sacral lord of Wehali, the Maromak Oan ("son of God") enjoyed a ritually passive role, and he kept the liurai as the executive ruler of the land.[2] In the same way, the rulers of two other important princedoms, Sonbai in West Timor and Likusaen (Liquica) in East Timor, were often referred as liurais, which indicated a symbolic tripartition of the island.[3] In later history, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the term liurai underwent a process of inflation. By this time it denoted any ruler in the Portuguese part of Timor, great or small. In the Dutch part in West Timor the title appears to have been restricted to the Sonbai and Wehali rulers. The rulers in the west were known by the Malay term raja, while there were internally used terms such as usif (lord) among the Dawan-speaking groups, and loro (sun) among the Tetun speakers.[4]
The role of the liurais underwent changes after the great Boaventura Rebellion which was suppressed by the Portuguese authorities in 1912.[5] Up to then they were by and large traditional rulers in whose realms the colonial authorities seldom interfered. However, after this date the liurai was often appointed because of his loyal stance and connections with the colonial center in Dili. The liurai families have kept a certain role in Timorese society until recent times, and a few scions have enjoyed nationwide political roles. The liurais do not have any official rank any more, but still tend to command a degree of local respect.[6]
^Also, but less convincing, explained as a Portuguese term meaning small king; Gunn (2011) p. 120.
^Therik (2004) p. xvi–xvii.
^Müller (1857) p. 145–7; Castro (1867) p. 243; Schulte Nordholt (1971) p. 391.
Liurai is a ruler's title on Timor. The word is Tetun and literally means "surpassing the earth". It was originally associated with Wehali, a ritually...
"female", and he kept an executive "male" regent or assistant by his side, the Liurai ("surpassing the land"). According to oral tradition Wehali was the first...
the part of the Portuguese against Boaventura, the Liurai of Manufahi. Dom Aleixo become the Liurai of Ainaro after 1912. In 1931 he converted to the Catholic...
for attribution. The Kaibauk is a type of headdress worn by the Timorese liurai. Traditionally made of silver, it is shaped like the horns of a water buffalo...
of the Portuguese and Topasses in West Timor collapsed. In April 1751, Liurais of Servião rose up; according to one source, Gaspar only met his death...
larger kingdoms led by a liurai. Authority within these kingdoms was held by two individuals, with the worldly power of the liurai balanced by the spiritual...
the Liurai of Ambeno, João da Cruz, staged a revolt against the Portuguese. It was quickly put down, after which the Ambeno kingdom lapsed. The Liurai of...
as ordinary criminals. Portuguese ruled through a traditional system of liurai (local chiefs). Sandalwood remained the main export crop with coffee exports...
large number of small kingdoms whose monarchs were variously known as liurais, rajas, regulos, na'i, etc. They were drawn into the colonial spheres of...
Syah, Sultan (1773–1817) Indonesia: West Timor Wehali – Jacinto Correia, Liurai (c.1756) Amanatun (complete list) – Don Louis Nai Konof, Raja (pre-1751–1766)...
Church and took anti-white positions. APODETI only found support from a few Liurai in the border region. Some of them had collaborated with the Japanese against...
Portugal, the colony of Portuguese Timor used only the flag of Portugal. The Liurais, the traditional rulers of Timor, drew part of their claim to rule from...
Hornay and Da Costa's descendants continued to govern locally as rajas (or liurais) of Oecussi up to modern times. During the early 1900s, the enclave of...
gravitation on Timor. The ancestor of the line, who was a brother of the Liurai (ruler) of Wehali, migrated to the highlands of West Timor, where he married...
also a Timorese system of hierarchy where power was in the hands of the liurai (chief). The war was a catastrophe for the East Timorese economy as infrastructure...
of the catchment, and was known as Liurai Malai. The lowland Liurai, who lived at the foot of the river, was Liurai 'Dom' Boaventura.: 68 The relationship...
In 1730, Governor Pedro de Melo (1729-1731) formed alliances with the Liurai of Manatuto and other rulers of the region - a circumstance that would facilitate...
Timor Municipality Aileu Administrative post Aileu Sucos Seloi Malere, Liurai Area • Total 251.48 km2 (97.09 sq mi) Elevation 1,182 m (3,878 ft) Population...
combination is said to represent either the five mythical daughters of the Liurai (traditional title of a Timorese ruler) of Fohorem Nutetu,: 5 or five kingdoms...
alongside Francisco Kalbuadi Lay. Mariano's father, Mateus Sabino, was Liurai of Luro, Lautém, and his mother was Julieta Ribeiro. His nom de guerre is...
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