Massive volcanic activity during the Little Ice Age
Fig. 1 – global average temperatures show that the Little Ice Age was not a distinct planet-wide time period, but the end of a long temperature decline that preceded recent global warming.[1]
Little Ice Age volcanism refers to the massive volcanic activities during the Little Ice Age. Scientists suggested a hypothesis that volcanism was the major driving force of the global cooling among the other natural factors, i.e. the sunspot activities by orbital forcing and greenhouse gas. The Past Global Change (PAGES), a registered paleo-science association for scientific research and networking on past global changes in the University of Bern, Switzerland, suggested that from 1630 to 1850, a total of 16 major eruptions and cooling events had taken place.[2] When a volcano erupts, ashes burst out of the vent together with magma and forms a cloud in the atmosphere. The ashes act as an isolating layer that block out a proportion of solar radiation, causing global cooling. The global cooling effect impacts ocean currents, atmospheric circulation and cause social impacts such as drought and famine. Wars and rebellions were therefore triggered worldwide in the Little Ice Age. It was suggested that the crisis on Ottoman Empire[3] and Ming-Qing Transition[4] in China were typical examples that closely correlated with Little Ice Age.
^Hawkins, Ed (January 30, 2020). "2019 years". climate-lab-book.ac.uk. Archived from the original on February 2, 2020. ("The data show that the modern period is very different to what occurred in the past. The often quoted Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age are real phenomena, but small compared to the recent changes.")
^
Crowley, Thomas (2008). "Volcanism and the Little Ice Age". PAGES. 16 (2): 22–23. doi:10.22498/pages.16.2.22.
^White, Sam (2011). The Climate Rebellion in The Early Modern Ottoman Empire. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. pp. 1–3. ISBN 978-1-107-00831-1.
^Parker, Geoffrey (2013). "The Little Ice Age". Global Crisis: War, Climate Change, & Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century. Yale University Press. pp. 3–25. ISBN 978-0-300-20863-4.
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volcanic complex (MEVC) in British Columbia, Canada, has a long history of volcanism that spans more than six million years. It occurred during five cycles...
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Justinian, famine, and millions of deaths and initiated the Late Antique LittleIceAge, which lasted from 536 to 560. The medieval scholar Michael McCormick...
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K. C. (27 June 2006). "A 12,000 year record of explosive volcanism in the Siple Dome Ice Core, West Antarctica". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres...
Pemberton Belt volcanism indicates that a slab window edge was moving northward under British Columbia between at least the onset of arc volcanism 29 million...
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along with a few isolated examples of rarer volcanic forms such as tuyas. Volcanism in the arc began about 37 million years ago; however, most of the present-day...
Krakatoa, and Mont Pelé. Mafic volcanism typically takes the form of Hawaiian eruptions that are nonexplosive and produce little ash. However, interaction...
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the Sierra Nevada. Neoglaciation in the range culminated during the "LittleIceAge," a term originally coined by François E. Matthes in the Sierra Nevada...
421 ft) given by the Global Volcanism Program actually refers to Mount Bona About 90% of the area is covered by snow and ice. Derived presumably from the...
this phenomenon. Due to its visual similarity to volcanism and particularly cryovolcanism, the term "ice volcano" is frequently used, but it remains controversial...
Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved December 13, 2008. "Frequently Asked Questions: What is an eruption?". Global Volcanism Program...
trough (U-shaped canyon), carved by an alpine glacier during the last iceage, 15,000 to 25,000 years ago. A number of rare and endemic plant species...
that was destroyed by an eruption. Kibo's diminishing ice cap exists because Kilimanjaro is a little-dissected, massive mountain that rises above the snow...
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